solvent. III. Equations H3PO4 + H2O IV. Mechanisms Step 1: Protonation of the hydroxyl group (fast equilibrium) Step 2: Ionization to a carbocation (slow‚ rate-limiting) Step 3: Deprotonation of the carbocation to give the alkene V. References Macroscale and microscale: Organic experiments‚ 5th ed. (2007)‚ K.J. Williamson‚ R. Minard‚ and K.M Masters. Houghton Mifflin Company. P.p. 351-352. Organic Chemistry‚ 7th ed. (2010)‚ L.G. Wade‚ Jr. Prentice Hall. P.p. 308-311
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CH241 – Lecture Outline Chapter 6: Reactions of Alkenes Carbocations How are carbocations classified? What stabilizes a carbocation and why? What is the Hammond Postulate? How does the stability of the carbocation intermediate effect the number of products and why? What are the three types of carbocation rearrangements and why do they occur? Stereochemistry of Reactions (read 6.14 in 7th edition before class) What are the three ways a reaction can have stereochemistry? (a) What is
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ABSTRACT: The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the attack of a benzene ring on an electrophilic species resulting in the substitution of a proton with a functional group. The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction nitration is used to nitrate methyl benzoate and acetanilide with a nitronium ion. Crystallization was used to purify the product. The melting point was used to determine its purity and the regiochemistry of the products. The methyl benzoate reaction product‚ methyl
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Project Report – Herbal Processing Plant Sector: Forest‚ Environment and Herbal Project Title: Processing Plant for Wild Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Project Description Associated side effects and high cost of allopathic medicines are key reasons‚ herbal medications are being increasingly preferred over their synthetic counterpart. Around the world herbal industry is growing faster than the traditional pharmaceutical industry. India has a thriving herbal industry and there is a high potential for
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Alkenes from Alcohols: Analysis of a Mixture by Gas Chromatography Aim: To analyze a mixture of alkenes by gas chromatography. Introduction: In this lab‚ we specifically used elimination reaction; however we only used the E1 reaction. In the presence of strong acids‚ alcohols protonate to form a good leaving group‚ namely water. Upon loss of a proton to a good leaving group‚ an introduction of unsaturation (a double bond) can be preformed. According to Wikipedia‚ an E2 reaction is typically
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Name: Saj Jo Dan C. Odsey Date Performed: April 26‚ 2013 Lab-partner: Viktoria R. Beltran RELATIVE RATES OF ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION I. Objective(s) In this Experiment‚ the relative reactivities of different substituted benzenes towards bromination will be determined‚ where bromine is dissolved in acetic acid. Materials and apparatus Test solutions: 0.2 M solutions in ethyl acetate: Benzene‚ chlorobenzene‚ phenol‚ nitrophenol‚ aniline
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Name …………………………………………………………….. Mark ……../86 ……....% Grade ……… 1. The graph below shows the boiling points of some alkanes. (a) Draw a smooth curve through the points on the graph and estimate the boiling points of octane C8H18‚ ……………… hexadecane‚ C16H34 .……………… [2] (b) State how decane‚ C10H22‚ can be separated from a mixture of the alkanes. ......................................................................................................................... [1]
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SYNTHESIS OF TRANS-9-(2-PHENYLETHENYL) ANTHRACENE (A WITTIG REACTION) Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to convert carbonyl compounds to alkenes using Wittig reaction. In this case we will be synthesizing Trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene from benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride and 9-anthraldehyde. We will also aim to obtaining a high percent yield and purity for the synthesis of Trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene. The mechanism for this reaction goes thus:
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Abstract:The Wittig Reaction is a nucleophilic addition in which an alkene is formed as a product. Both the E and Z isomers of the alkene result. Substituents on the aromatic aldehyde affect the E/Z ratio of products that form. In this experiment‚ a nitro group was used as the substituent in the ortho‚ meta and para positions‚ with benzaldehyde as the control. Each of the four aldehydes reacted with (carbethoxymethylene) triphenylphosphorane to produce ethyl cinnamate‚ ethyl-3-(2-nitrophenyl)acrylate
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Experiment 1: Mechanism of Nitrile Oxide and Alkene Cycloaddition 1. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between benzonitrile oxide and an alkene‚ and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene. 2. Plan: Each student in a group of three will work to create a reaction with the Benzonitrile Oxide with‚ cis-stilbene‚ trans-stilbene‚ or styrene in an Erlenmyer flask. With this Reaction solution thin layer chromatography will be
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