Introduction Aromatic compounds‚ which are planar cyclic rings with (4n+2)π electrons‚ will not undergo simple addition reactions like those of alkyl substances. However‚ in the presence of an electrophile‚ aromatic compounds will undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution. In this type of reaction‚ two π electrons from the aromatic ring serve for the ring to act as a nucleophile and attack an electrophile. For nitration‚ this nucleophile is NO2+‚ which is produced by reacting nitric and sulfuric
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experimentally observed competing dihydroxylation reaction and the ligand-induced reaction rate acceleration. Introduction Sharpless et al. reported in the 1970s an aza-analogon of the osmium-catalyzed cis-vicinal dihydroxylation (DH)1 of alkenes‚ the aminohydroxylation (AH).2‚3 In 1996 it was rendered asymmetric4 and extended to a large variety of substrates in the following. The AH is synthetically important as it provides straightforward access to the aminoalcohol fragment present in
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in the presence of phosphoric acid. The alcohol was a mixture of cis and trans isomers‚ so it might have exhibited an Evelyn effect. It was also looked at if the products showed the Zaitsev’s rule‚ where in an elimination reaction‚ the most stable alkene was favored‚ which was usually the most substituted one and also the major product‚ which was the product with more % composition that was found out in the analysis. The % composition of the yield was found out by using the % composition of the products
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Air Pollution in Hong Kong Chemistry Project the Written Report 1.Introduction 3 2.Sources of Air Pollution 3 - 7 1.Vehicles 4 - 5 1. Pollutants produced by vehicles 4 2. Reasons why pollutants are produced 4 3. Impacts of the pollutants from vehicles 4 - 5 4. Method to eliminate pollutants 5 2.Power Stations 6 - 7 1. Pollutants produced by power stations 6 2. Reasons why pollutants are produced 6 3. Impacts of the pollutants from power stations 6 4. Methods to eliminate
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Compounds containing aromatic groups are widespread in nature‚ and for this reason chemists who aim to synthesize naturally occurring compounds in the laboratory often need to introduce substituents to aromatic rings. In the organic synthesis laboratory‚ electrophilic aromatic substitutions which result in the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds are called ‘Friedel-Crafts’ alkylations and acylations‚ named for Charles Friedel of France and James Crafts of the United States‚ who together developed
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Nitration is an example of an electrophile aromatic substitution reaction‚ where nitro (NO2) group is being substituted for a hydrogen on an aromatic compound. This is achieved by the formation of the nitronium ion by protonation of nitric acid from sulfuric acid. The zirconium ion is a strong electrophile and can react with aromatic compound such as Methyl benzoate to form an arenium ion intermediate. The arenium ion is then depronated to reform the aromatic ring and yield the final product with the
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June 25‚ 2005 4:19 PM Notes on Theory • Alkenes o They are hydrocarbons with a C=C double bond • Double bonds are stronger and more reactive than single bonds o Hydrocarbons with double bonds used to be known as "olefins"‚ because they had an oily appearance • "Oleum" means oil • "Ficare" means make • Isomers o Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula‚ but a different geometric arrangement • They also have different physical properties o Alkenes exist as two different geometric isomers
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II OBJECTIVES FOR FINAL EXAM 1. If given names‚ identify structures‚ or if given structures‚ identify name of each of the following types of compounds: a. Esters b. Amines c. Aromatic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions
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1.4 Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils Following are the methods used to extract essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants: • Hydrodistillation: For the isolation of essential oils by Hydrodistillation‚ the aromatic plant substances are packed in a still and a sufficient amount of water is added and brought near to a boil. Due to the influential effect of hot water and steam‚ the essential oil is unbounded from the oil glands present in the plant tissue. The combination of water
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halogen group is targeted. Enzymes like oxygenases play a major role. The bonds like ester-‚ amide-‚ or ether bonds present in the compounds are first attacked leading to breaking down of compounds. In some cases the aliphatic chains and in aromatic compounds the aromatic components may be targeted. The site and mode of attack depends on the action of enzyme‚ its concentration and the favourable
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