chloride was synthesized through the use of separation (aqueous and organic layers) and distillation. Tert-butyl chloride is the alkyl halide which is being synthesized throughout the course of the experiment. Alkyl halides are derived from alkanes. Once an alkane has its original hydrogen atom replaced with a halogen‚ it is now considered an alkyl halide (UC 2016). This experiment utilizes chlorine as the halogen that takes the place of the hydrogen atom. Alkyl halides are versatile‚ and with little
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of Acetanilide Introduction: Bromination of acetanilide to 4-bromoaniline was studied in this experiment. One of the most important mechanism with the reaction of aromatic compounds is the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions(wade‚2013). The electrophilic aromatic substitution enable scientists to make substituted aromatic compounds. However‚ substitution groups affect the electrophilic substitution mechanism. A nitrogen atom attached to hydrogen is learned to be a powerful activating
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meta-directing. Reactions: Electrophilic aromatic substitution rxns‚ Nucleophilic aromatic substitution rxns (via benzyne or substitution-elmination)‚ Diels-Alder (endo/exo‚ inter/intramolecular)‚ Diene 1-2 and 1-4 electrophilic addition‚ Eliminating bromine from arenes via Grignard‚ Carboxylation of arenes via Grignard 4 Properties of: Amines (pkAs and resonance structures for aromatic and aliphatic molecules)‚ amides (sp2 hybridized by amide bonds)‚ anilines (aromatic amines) Structure of: Sugars (linear
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HALIDES General formula: Ar–X where X = F‚ Cl‚ Br or I Examples Structure: C-X bonds are shorter and stronger Bond C-Cl C-Br Ar-X 1.69 A° 1.86 A° R-X 1.77 1.91 Dipole moments are unusually small. Bond C-Cl Preparation: 1. electrophilic aromatic substitution – useful only if one product is obtained C-Br Ar-X 1.7 D 1.7 D R-X 2.10 D 2.15 D Dipole moments may cancel out depending on the geometry of the molecule. 1 3/22/2012 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Boiling points – similar to those
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of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction‚ in which a proton of an aromatic ring is replaced by a nitro group. Many aromatic substitution reactions are known to occur when an aromatic substrate is allowed to react with a suitable electrophilic reagent‚ and many other groups besides nitro may be introduced into the ring. Although the reaction produced a low yield at the end‚ the yield is calculated from the reaction and limiting reagent. Keywords: electrophilic aromatic substitution‚ nitration
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Specimen Paper Centre Number Surname Other Names Examiner’s Initials Candidate Signature Question Mark Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Science A Unit Chemistry C1 Chemistry 1F Chemistry Unit Chemistry C1 For this paper you must have: • a ruler • the Data Sheet (enclosed). You may use a calculator. F 8 9 TOTAL Time allowed ! 60 minutes Instructions ! ! ! ! Use black ink or black ball-point
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Sept 27‚ 2010 Chapter 4 * With four valence electrons‚ carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms * This tetra valence makes large‚ complex molecules possible * Fundamental groups: Alkanes and Alkenes * The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements * The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living
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Dehydrating Cyclohexanol • Introduction The purpose of the lab experiment is to prepare cyclohexene from cyclohexanol through an acid-catalyzed dehydration. In order to produce the cyclohexene from cyclohexanol‚ an elimination reaction was performed. First by protonating the oxygen of the alcohol and creating an oxonium ion we replaced the poor leaving group (OH) into a better leaving group (OH2+). Second‚ dehydrating the cyclohexanol using phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid as acid catalysts
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after reacting with pyridinum tribromide in order to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution. The melting point of the isolated products were measured against the standards in order to determine how strong of an ortho/para activator the compound was based on the product(s) and melting point obtained. Theory: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is an organic reaction that takes place when an atom that is bound to an aromatic ring is replaced by an electrophile. The electrophile replaces a hydrogen
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Nitration of Methyl Benzoate to form Methyl-m-nitrobenzoate via Aromatic Substitution Linh Ngoc Thuy Nguyen Seattle Central Community College Professor: Dr. Esmaeel Naeemi Date: February 21st‚ 2012 Abstract In this experiment‚ methyl-m-nitrobenzoate‚ followed the electrophilic addition of aromatic ring‚ would be formed from the starting material methyl benzoate and nitric acid‚ under the catalysis of concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction between nitric acid and sulfuric acid resulted
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