nitronium ion. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a method used when a functional group is needed to be substituted on to an aromatic compound. In the nitration‚ nitronium ion acts as the electrophile that involves the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring. Aromatic substitution is electrophilic‚ due to the high density in benzene ring. Benzene ring is one of the components in most important natural products and other useful products. The species reacting with the aromatic ring is usually a positive
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soluble if heated. Also tested was the reactivity of cyclohexane and cyclohexene in sulfuric acid which tested to prove reactivity between cyclohexene but not cyclohexane. Finally tested was the reaction between bromine and alkenes‚ which showed reaction between the more polar alkenes than non polar. Introduction
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will reside favourably on the oxygen‚ which means that the electron density associated with the hydrogen is reduced which results in a high chemical shift. A chemical shift of this is only typical for alcohols or aldehydes attached directly to an aromatic ring‚ or nitrogen containing molecules of which is not applicable for the unknown molecule are there is no nitrogen in the molecular formula. From this peak the only possible functional group is an aldehyde as a ketone does not have a hydrogen to
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Preparation of 4-bromoaniline Introduction Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich‚ it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups
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13C NMR with 4 peaks‚ so the compound would need to have a five-carbon chain. With the assumption that the structure was five-carbon chain‚ it could be deduced that the structure was either a primary or secondary alcohol because straight chained alkanes cannot make tertiary
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Diploma Programme Chemistry data booklet First examinations 2009 Diploma Programme Chemistry data booklet First published March 2007 Revised edition published September 2008 International Baccalaureate Peterson House‚ Malthouse Avenue‚ Cardiff Gate Cardiff‚ Wales GB CF23 8GL United Kingdom Phone: +44 29 2054 7777 Fax: +44 29 2054 7778 Website: http://www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2008 The International Baccalaureate (IB) offers three high quality and
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meanin with a similar structured aromatic amine. Finally‚ the chemicals set the dye to make the color change permanent until the dyed hair is shed in the normal cycling of hair growth. Common chemicals in these products include hydrogen peroxide which is known to be a bleaching agent and ammonia which makes the fibers in the hair swell for better acceptance of the dye. These two chemicals are crucial to permanent hair dye because of their functions
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SYNTHESIS OF 1-PHENYLAZO-2-NAPHTHOL ABSTRACT Amines are compounds composed of nitrogen atoms bearing alkyl or aromatic compounds. Amines undergo interesting reactions‚ one of which is with the reaction with nitrous acid producing an azo dye. In this study‚ the experiment focused on synthesizing an observing the physical properties of Sudan-1. Sudan-1 is of the most common dyes found in waxes‚ oils and in some food ingredients specifically curry and chilli powder. Furthermore‚ this study aimed to
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OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION‚ AND IT‟S CHALLENGES. NUHU MOHAMMED Holder of an Advanced Diploma in Oil and Gas Process Operations City & Guilds UK. INSTITUTION: WINTECH PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTE KWASHIEMAN. OIL AND GAS DEPARTMENT. OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND IT`S CHALLENGES Page 1 I PREFACE The material has been compiled from various online sources as well as other certified books and handouts and other related documents. I am thankful to my colleagues in the same institution for providing valuable input
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in 1937. Thus the term aromatherapy was not coined until the 20th Century. The roots of Aromatherapy can be traced back over 6000 years before the birth of Christ when the use of aromatics was recorded for the first time in human history. The history of aromatherapy is linked strongly to the development of aromatic medicine. The ancient Greeks‚ Romans and Egyptians all used aromatherapy oils. In the Dordogne of France there are cave paintings found to be 18‚000 years old that depict the use of
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