Explosives A chemical explosive is a compound or a mixture of compounds susceptible of a rapid chemical reaction causing a quick physical outburst of gases or heat radiation. The first explosives were created by the Chinese in the 11th century. These were mixtures of nitrate salts‚ sulfur and charcoal‚ now known as black powder. Gunpowder which is a low explosive‚ exhibits deflagration‚ or rapid burning‚ rather than detonation‚ the reaction exhibited by high explosives. While‚ perhaps counterintuitively
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meta-directing. Reactions: Electrophilic aromatic substitution rxns‚ Nucleophilic aromatic substitution rxns (via benzyne or substitution-elmination)‚ Diels-Alder (endo/exo‚ inter/intramolecular)‚ Diene 1-2 and 1-4 electrophilic addition‚ Eliminating bromine from arenes via Grignard‚ Carboxylation of arenes via Grignard 4 Properties of: Amines (pkAs and resonance structures for aromatic and aliphatic molecules)‚ amides (sp2 hybridized by amide bonds)‚ anilines (aromatic amines) Structure of: Sugars (linear
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Technology; 2Student (s)‚ Subject/Section‚ School of Chemical Engineering‚ Chemistry and Biotechnology‚ Mapua Institute of Technology ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and oxygen atoms. Alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic rings are the four classifications of hydrocarbons. Each of these classifications have different physical and chemical properties that were tested as this experiment was performed. Flammability test and solubility test were done to understand and
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CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 C CH3CO2CH3 D CH3CH2COCH2CH3 E CH3CH2CONH2 F H2NCH2CH2CH3 G C6H5CHO A list of seven organic compounds is given above. (a) Which compound is (i) an ester; (ii) an aldehyde; (iii) an alcohol; (iv) an amide (v) an aromatic compound (vi) an acid? (b) Which two compounds are structural isomers? (c) Which compound has chiral center? Mark its chiral center on the structure with an asterisk. 8. Give the IUPAC names for the following compounds: (b) ClCH2CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3
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Amines are aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of ammonia. Amines‚ like ammonia‚ are weak bases (Kb = 10−4 to 10−6). This basicity is due to the unshared electron pair on the nitrogen atom. Classification and nomenclature of amines Amines are classified as primary‚ secondary‚ or tertiary based upon the number of carbon-containing groups that are attached to the nitrogen atom. Those amine compounds that have only one group attached to the nitrogen atom are primary‚ while those with two or three
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polyhalogen compounds. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloarenes Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria. 10 Unit The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon‚ aliphatic or aromatic‚ by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene)‚ respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain halogen
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3-perylenepentanol‚ M4 39‚ 51 To a solution of 3-perylenepent-4-ynol‚ M3 (0.32 g‚ 0.957 mmol) in THF (20 mL)‚ Pd/C (600 mg‚ 3 wt% on activated carbon) was added. Nitrogen gas was turned off‚ hydrogen gas balloons were used to supply H2 gas to the flask. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature. Ethyl acetate was added to the reaction mixture and the Pd/C was removed by filtration. Solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 3-perylenepentanol as yellow solid
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be derived into two broad classes 1. Aliphatic compounds Nonaromatic hydrocarbons such as alkanes‚ alkenes or alkynes 2. Aromatic compounds A series of cyclic unsaturated compounds with unusually high stability • The properties and reactions of aromatic compounds are exemplified / demonstrated by the properties and reactions of benzene (the “parent” aromatic molecule) • Benzene Structure: MF: C6H6 DBE = • Properties and Reactions of Benzene 1. Benzene‚ being unsaturated‚ would be
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II OBJECTIVES FOR FINAL EXAM 1. If given names‚ identify structures‚ or if given structures‚ identify name of each of the following types of compounds: a. Esters b. Amines c. Aromatic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions
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1.4 Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils Following are the methods used to extract essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants: • Hydrodistillation: For the isolation of essential oils by Hydrodistillation‚ the aromatic plant substances are packed in a still and a sufficient amount of water is added and brought near to a boil. Due to the influential effect of hot water and steam‚ the essential oil is unbounded from the oil glands present in the plant tissue. The combination of water
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