References: 1. Kroner‚ R. C.‚ Longbottom‚ J. E.‚ Gorman‚ R.A.‚ "A Comparison of Various Reagents Proposed for Use in the Winkler Procedure for Dissolved Oxygen"‚ PHS Water Pollution Surveillance System Applications and Development‚ Report #12‚ Water Quality Section‚ Basic Data Branch‚ (July 1964). 2. Annual Book of ASTM Standards‚ Part 31‚
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Reducing Sugars : Sugars that contain aldehyde groups that are oxidised to carboxylic acids are classified as reducing sugars. Common test reagents are : Benedicts reagent (CuSO4 / citrate) Fehlings reagent (CuSO4 / tartrate) They are classified as reducing sugars since they reduce the Cu2+ to Cu+ which forms as a red precipitate‚ copper (I) oxide. Remember that aldehydes (and hence aldoses) are readily oxidised (review ?) In order for oxidation to occur‚ the cyclic form must first ring-open
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Experiment 1: Study of Solubility Equilibrium Data Treatment and Analysis Section 1: Solubility Product Constant Temperature (˚C) | Volume of NaOH used (mL) | | | | Titration 1 | Titration 2 | Average | 28 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.75 | 9 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 19 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.25 | 40 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 50 | 22.8 | 22.9 | 22.85 | Table 1: The volume of NaOH used in the titration at various temperatures. No. of moles of KHC4H4O6 = 1.45 g ÷ 188.177g/mol = 7.71 x 10-3mol
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respectively. A melting point range of 85-87oC was obtained from the purified product. - Introduction A Grignard reaction adds an alkyl-magnesium halide to an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl carbon. The alkyl-magnesium halide is known as the Grignard reagent. The carbon bonded to the magnesium
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| 14 | Reagent‚ Wide Mouth with Screw Cap and Pouring Ring‚ Graduated (50ml) | Borosil (1501) | 5 | 225.00 | 1125/- | 15 | Reagent‚ Wide Mouth with Screw Cap and Pouring Ring‚ Graduated (100ml) | Borosil (1501) | 5 | 262.00 | 1310/- | 16 | Reagent‚ Wide Mouth with Screw Cap and Pouring Ring‚ Graduated (250ml) | Borosil (1501) | 4 | 280.00 | 1400/ | 17 | Reagent‚ Wide Mouth with Screw Cap and Pouring Ring‚ Graduated (500ml) | Borosil (1501) | 4 | 292.00 | 1168/- | 18 | Reagent‚ Wide Mouth
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defatted peel powder with water at pH 2.5 adjusted w/ 0.1 N H2SO4 with a substrate to water ratio of 1:40 (w/v). 2. Shake at 100 rpm in an incubator shaker at 60-90°C at 120 mins. 3. Filter contents with cheesecloth. Reagents Reagent A: Prepared by adding 1mL of Folin-Ciocalteau Phenol Reagent to 39mL of distilled water. Solution A: Buffered copper solution Prepared by adding the following to 80mL of distilled water in a 100mL volumetric flask: 1 mL glacial acetic acid‚ 23.2 g NaCl‚ 3.2 g sodium acetate
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primer during PCR (as shown in the molecular structure in Figure 2). This essentially causes Taq to interact with magnesium during the process‚ making it a cofactor of the polymerase. Figure 2: Interpretation of Results Seeing how one reagent is dependent on the other‚ PCR amplification will not occur if magnesium or Taq is left out of the reaction. Consequently‚ if we add excess Taq we will have to use an amount of MgCl2 that is above the concentration of Taq. This helps overcome inhibitors
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ACID RADICALS (ANIONS) This part is the classified into three groups: FIRST GROUP OF ACID RADICALS The acid radicals involved in this group are carbonate(CO32-)‚ Sulphide(S2-)‚ Sulphite(SO32-)‚ Thiosulphate(S2O32-) and nitrate(NO2-). The group reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. EXPERIMENT Salt + dil. HCl OBSERVATION Effervescence or evolution of gases (a) Colourless‚ odourless gas turns lime water milky (b) Colourless with rotten eggs smell and turns lead acetate paper black. (c) Colourless gas
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lead to the color development. However‚ one should always check out the possible interference from peptides and proteins by performing blank tests especially when such solutions are readily available. For example‚ one can simply add the ninhydrin reagent to a solution
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results based on color change or formation of precipitation‚ which is then used to determine the identity of the functional group. The first test‚ the 2‚4-dinitrophenylhydrazone test‚ determines the presence of a carbon-oxygen double bond. Brady’s reagent‚ another name for the test‚ is a solution of 2‚4-dinitrophenylhydrazine‚ methanol‚ and sulfuric acid. When performing the test‚ a bright orange or yellow precipitate shows the presence of an aldehyde or ketone. This test proceeds via a nucleophilic
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