carbon atoms by forming covalent bonds. Alkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons‚ which are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are made up of carbon atoms linked together by only single covalent bonds and are known as saturated hydrocarbons. Many alkanes are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. The smallest alkanes are used extensively as fuels. Apart from burning‚ however‚ they are remarkably unreactive. Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane
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FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY II CHM096 CHAPTER 1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PART I PREPARED BY SYED ABDUL ILLAH ALYAHYA BIN SYED ABD KADIR 1 TOPICS PART I 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Isomerism and Overview of Organic Reaction Alkenes and Alkynes Alkyl Halides 2 TOPIC INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 3 1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups What is Organic Chemistry?
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economic‚ social‚ and health aspects. Alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound‚ which is‚ consists of C-C and C-H single bonds. Alkanes are highly combustible and it is a valuable fuel‚ and during combustion reaction‚ alkane can release a very large amount of heat and the product yield from this reaction is H2O (water)‚ and CO2 (carbon dioxide) or CO (carbon monoxide)‚ in which depends on whether the reaction is complete or incomplete. The first 4 alkanes‚ Methane‚ ethane‚ propane‚ and butane‚
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H B621/02 GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION GATEWAY SCIENCE SCIENCE B UNIT 1: Modules B1 C1 P1 (Higher Tier) TUESDAY 15 JANUARY 2008 Afternoon Time: 1 hour *CUP/T45720* Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials (enclosed): None Calculators may be used. Additional materials: Pencil Ruler (cm/mm) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • • • • • • • Write your name in capital letters‚ your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the boxes above. Use blue or black ink. Pencil may
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Student Number Mark / 100 2011 TRIAL HSC EXAMINATION Chemistry General Instructions • • • • • • • Reading time – 5 minutes Working time – 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Draw diagrams using pencil Board-approved calculators may be used A data sheet and a Periodic Table are provided. Write your Student Number at the top of this page and those of pages 10 and 11. Total Marks – 100 Section I Pages 2 – 24 Confidential Keep Secure 75 marks This section has two parts‚ Part
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electrons Alkanes all have different boiling points dependent on the length of the carbon chain in the molecule. The smaller chains ie. the most volatile hydrocarbons will leave at the top of the column as gases because they have the lowest boiling points. Within each fraction there is also a mixture of hydrocarbons‚ the chain length isn’t the same. This is due to branched chains having different boiling points to straight chains Suggest how cracking can be used to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes
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graph‚ a relationship between the hydrocarbon chain of the alkane and its corresponding boiling point can certainly be noticed. There is a increasing correlation which can be explained using the theory that as each hydrocarbon chain gets bigger‚ there are more atoms and thus more electrons which contributes to higher dispersion forces and therefore a higher boiling point which is clearly seen through the graph. b) Uses of the First Ten Alkanes Methane -> A major component of natural gas (fuel).
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Low boiling point group: alkane‚ alkene‚ alkyne and ether Boiling point is the exact temperature that the state of compound change from liquid to gas‚ which need to break the intermolecular forces. The stronger the intermolecular forces‚ the higher the boiling point. Since straight chain alkane‚ alkene and alkyne only experience dispersion forces‚ the compound with more carbons have higher boiling point as more carbons contribute more forces. Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling point than
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PHILIPPINES DATE SUBMITTED: 3 JANUARY 2012 DATE PERFORMED: 8 DECEMBER 2011 ------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Alkyl halides are molecules which have a carbon atom attached to a halogen atom (e.g.‚ chlorine‚ iodine‚ or bromine.) Alkyl halides are very important since they are used in many of the products used today. They can be synthesized by means of adding alcohols to hydrogen halides (such as HCl‚ HI‚ or HBr) resulting in nucleophilic substitution (specifically the SN1
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organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. • There are 3 types of aliphatic hydrocarbons: o Alkanes ▪ A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms. ▪ General formula is Cn H2n+2 ▪ All alkanes have the ending –“ane” ▪ Any alkyl branches in the carbon chain have the suffix –“yl” ▪ The name of a branched alkane must indicate the point of attachment of the branch. o Alkenes ▪ A hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon
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