water soluble which oxidizes and transports long chain fatty acids into the mitochondrion (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005; Gulcin‚ 2006)‚ transeterifies and acetyl-CoA‚ oxidizes branched chain alpha ketoacids and removes the potentially harmful acetylcarnitine esters from mitochondria (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005). Vescoro et al. (2002) found that L-carnitine can block cell death and skeletal muscle myopathy. It is present in plasma and tissue (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005) and can serve as an antioxidant by scavenging free
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(through better heath and schooling of new generation) -Empirical evidence: Relationship not consistently negative (Blanchet) Two of the many theories supporting the population growth being a boon/blessing are (optimistic theory): 1. Ester Boserup Ester Boserup claims that there is enough food to feed the world. The problem is the distribution of those goods. The improvement in agriculture tools allows from increase production rate. Urban farming is suggested for raising population. We will
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distillation -- and was characterized by its boiling temperature and its refractive index. Esterification is a condensation reaction where two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the simultaneous loss of water. This ester in this experiment is isopentyl acetate formed from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrochloric acid‚ a Fisher esterification process‚ (McMurry‚ p780-781) but the catalyst affects only the rate of reaction‚ and not
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CERTIFICATION This project report is certified by the supervisor and approved by the head of department of chemical engineering. Supervisor: HOD: Date: Date: DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to God Almighty‚ the Source of all wisdom‚ to him glory and honour be forever Amen. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my profound gratitude to all my lecturers‚ especially the Head of Department (HOD) Chemical
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Aspirin Background Aspirin Aspirin‚ or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a salicylate drug‚ and is generally used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without producing anaesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and pains‚ to reduce fever (an antipyretic)‚ and also as an anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin works by prohibiting biological substances such as prostaglandins. Many different prostaglandins exist in the human body each serving a plethora of physical functions.
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Objective: To perform an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction‚ predict the effect on substituent orientation‚ and determine the identity of the product and mechanism for product. Procedure: Schoffstall‚ A.M.‚ Faddis‚ B.A.‚ and Durelinger‚ M.L. Microscale and Miniscale Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments‚ 2nd Ed.‚ McGraw-Hill‚ 2004‚ pages 215-218. Experiment 12.2 A Changes: Part A- No methanol recrystallization. Results and Observations
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In this experiment‚ we used methyl benzoate from the last experiment with HNO3 and H2SO4 to synthesize methyl 3-nitrobenzoate. First we added methyl benzoate to 12 mL cooled conc. Sulfuric acid in a flask. In a separate flask‚ we made a solution of 4 mL conc. Sulfuric acid and 4 mL nitric acid and then added dropwise to the solution of methyl benzoate in an ice bath on a stir plate while maintaining the temperature of reaction between 5-15 °C. After the addition was complete we took the flask out
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II OBJECTIVES FOR FINAL EXAM 1. If given names‚ identify structures‚ or if given structures‚ identify name of each of the following types of compounds: a. Esters b. Amines c. Aromatic compounds including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Identify structures that are products of the following reactions: a. Grignard reaction including identification of the nucleophile. b. Conversion of nitriles into carboxylic acids and acid derivatives c. Diels-Alder reactions
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chemist to derive functional groups and isolate unknown compounds that can verify and identify unknown compounds often obtained through academic and commercial laboratory research projects. INTRODUCTION The actual conversion of carboxylic acid to esters using an acid catalyst and an alcohol was given the name Fischer esterification after the German chemist‚ Emil Fischer (1). The basic mechanism for this reaction is shown below in Fig. 1 (5). The reaction begins with the transfer of a proton from
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aMicroscale Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate (Banana Oil) Objective: Carried out the microscale synthesis of isopentyl acetate by direct esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. This was an acid catalyzed Fischer esterification. Both extraction and distillation were employed to obtain a pure product. IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography were used to determine purity of the final product. Reagents: * Compound: | * MW (g/mol): | * MP (°C): | * BP (°C): | * Density (g/mL):
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