Functional Groups of Organic Compounds A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in the HC derivative other than carbon and hydrogen. Literally‚ the functional group determines the functions of the particular HC derivative in chemical reactions. This means that the specific properties of the HC derivative are due to its functional group. Each functional group is attached to an alkyl radical (R). An alkyl radical is one H atom less than the given alkane. The alkyl radical (R) uses
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Benzil is produced in the first step of this experiment’s multistep synthesis through the oxidation of benzoin. In order to produce the desired o-diketone‚ the alcohol on benzoin must be oxidized. Nitric acid was the oxidizing agent used in this experiment. As a result‚ the alcohol group on benzoin acted as the nucleophile and attacked the electrophilic nitrogen of nitric acid. As this step forms oxonium‚ excess water in the system deprotonated the oxonium to restore the neutral charge on oxygen
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Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds by Melting Point‚ Boiling Point‚ and Infrared Spectroscopy Methods and Background The goal of this laboratory experiment was to determine the structure and identity of an unknown solid and an unknown liquid by using elemental analysis‚ index of hydrogen deficiency‚ infrared spectroscopy‚ melting point (for solid)‚ and boiling point (for liquid). In this laboratory‚ we were given unknown solid “C” and unknown liquid “D”. The empirical formula
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Introduction In a Grignard reaction‚ a Grignard reagent (R–MgX) adds to the carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone to form an alcohol (Figure 1). The reaction of a Grignard reagent with formaldehyde can be to synthesize a primary alcohol‚ with any other aldehyde can be used to synthesize a secondary alcohol‚ while the reaction with ketone is useful in the synthesis of a tertiary alcohol. Figure 1. General reaction mechanism of a Grignard Reaction The preparation of the Grignard reagent involves
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carbohydrates is the monosaccharide. ’Mono’ means ’one’ and ’saccharide’ means ’sugar’. Monosaccharides are either aldoses or ketoses. Aldoses such as glucose consists of a carbon backbone and a carbonyl group (C=O) located at the end of the chain. Ketoses such as fructose consists of a carbon backbone with a carbonyl group located at any other
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SUMMARY OF ORGANIC REACTIONS SECTION 1 - ALIPHATIC Aldehydes and ketones |Type of reaction |Mechanism | |1. oxidation (aldehydes only): aldehyde ( carboxylic acid |n/a | | | | |reagents: potassium
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present study. The oleoresins have shown excellent activity for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products in mustard oil added at the concentration of 0.02% which were evaluated using peroxide‚ thiobarbituric acid‚ p-anisidine and carbonyl values. Moreover‚ it was further supported by other complementary antioxidant assays such as ferric thiocyanate method in linoleic acid system‚ reducing power‚ chelating and scavenging effects on 1‚1 0 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl
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CO2 solubility in a number of ionic liquids with systematic increases in fluorination. We also studied nonfluorinated ionic liquids that have structural features known to improve CO2 solubility in other compounds such as polymers‚ for example‚ carbonyl groups and long alkyl chains with branching or ether linkages. Results show that ionic liquids containing increased fluoroalkyl chains on either the cation or anion do improve CO2 solubility when compared to less fluorinated ionic liquids previously
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Factors affecting seed and seedling vigour Seed vigour is a term encompassing the sum total of those properties of the seed that determine the potential performance of the seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence (Perry‚ 1978). Rapid and uniform germination are among the properties of vigorous seeds (Argerish & Bradford‚ 1989). Low vigour adversely affects such factors as optimal emergence‚ stress resistance and uniform growth of emergent seedlings (Patrick et al‚ 2000) and is
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contains four sections‚ SECTION A to SECTION D. Instructions: Answer all questions in SECTION A - SECTION D. Make sure that the section heading is included and your answers are correctly numbered. The assignment must have a completed cover sheet. It must be placed in the drop-box on or before the deadline. st SECTION A ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE & IONIZATION ENERGY 1. 2. Write the electronic structure in s‚p‚d notation of the following: O‚ Na‚ Na+‚ Al‚ Cl- and Co
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