Unlike all others representative compounds studied here‚ hydrazone 51 has its stereochemistry controlled by intramolecular interactions instead of steric factors. Despite isatin’s lack of steric requirements around its carbonyl functionality‚ its hydrazone derivatives exist only as Z-isomers because of the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between de (–NH–) group of the acyclic chain and the oxygen of the isatin’s (–NHCO–)
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chemical structures of complicated steroids. In 1950‚ Otto and his student Kurt Alder won a noble prize "for their discovery and development of the cycloaddition synthesis". Also referred to as the diene synthesis‚ in which the reaction of a diene and a carbonyl or carboxyl compound to give unsaturated cyclic compounds. As there are many possible reactants‚ it follows that many new products can be formed which lead to the creation of many new alkaloids‚ insecticides‚ plastics‚ polymers‚ rubber‚ and steroids
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The objective for the experiment was to perform a reduction reaction on the ketone group of camphor to the OH group on isoborneol. In order to successfully synthesis the reactant to the product‚ NaBH4 was used as the main reagent to reduce the carbonyl double bond. One believes the formation of isoborneol was successfully due to the product’s percent yield‚ IR‚ and melting point. During the lab‚ .077 grams of isoborneol was yielded from the camphor reduction. In result‚ .077 g compared to an theoretical
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Review 1: The Chemistry and Molecules of Life Please note that this is a general outline of some of the topics we will have discussed and are detailed in chapters 2-5 of your textbook. While this gives you an idea of some of the terms/phrases you are responsible for‚ not all the material we covered is included. You are responsible for everything discussed in class‚ but NOT for material in the book that was not addressed in lecture. Please do NOT assume that if you know the concepts/answers to the
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is on the ortho/para position to the -OH group. b) The most likely site of iodination is the para position. This spot has the least steric hindrance and is favorable due to the directing effects of the -OH and the withdrawing effects from the carbonyl. 2. The homo surface shows that salicylamide has large electron density at the para and ortho positions. These sites are more likely to undergo the iodination‚ which supports the answer from question #1. 3. The ortho product has an energy of
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α-carbon of ketones (like the reaction used in this experiment)‚ carbonyl compounds and aldehydes‚ they turn the compound slightly acidic1. These functional groups are removed by using a basic solution as shown in (i) below1. The product formed with water is stable only due to resonance‚ but does not form a very stable equilibrium. Enamine reactions are used to avoid many problems usually associated with alkylating or acylating carbonyl compounds when they are reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide1
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07%. Melting Points were found to confirm the purity of the product. Product one had a melting point of 163.7-164.8°C. Product two had a melting point of 162.2-163.9°C. IR Spectroscopy (nujol) are carbonyl peaks (1773.4 cm-1)‚ Sp3 C-H peaks (2921.5 cm-1)‚ Sp2 C-H (3000 cm-1). The carbonyl peaks prove the presence of an acid anhydride. H’NMR (CDCL3) 6.287ppm (t‚ 2H)‚ 3.674ppm (m‚ 2H)‚ 3.483ppm (m‚ 2H)‚ 1.697ppm (m‚ 2H). 13C NMR (CDCL3) 172.291‚ 135.913‚ 53.109‚ 47.572‚ 46.288. Next‚ hydrolysis
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During protein digestion‚ a water molecule is added which breaks down the carbonyl-carbon-nitrogen sin the peptide bonds of proteins causing the liberation of amino acids. This process is referred to as proteolysis. Water molecules break down the carbonyl-carbon-nitrogen single bond (peptide bond) that holds single amino acid molecules together (Caroline Ritchie‚ 2013. This process is called hydrolysis and is catalysed by protease. The three main protease enzymes produced during digestion are pepsin
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The tert-butyl group has been broadly used to protect functional groups in natural product synthesis such as amino acid‚ peptide and protein chemistry [1]. The tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) group is known as protecting group for amides in organic synthesis. The introduction of BOC group improves the solubility of organic precursors and their processability in organic synthesizes [2]. The methyl substituted pyridine derivatives were widely reported for their various biological activities such as anxiolytic
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The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes Enzymes are Effective Biological Catalyst Catalysis- speeds up metabolism to allow production of products. Enzymes- Highly specific and most efficient catalyst that speeds up metabolism or rate of reaction in organisms by factor up to 10^20 (globular proteins) Nonenzymatic catalyst- enhance by 10^2 -10^4 Ribozymes- acts for catalytic activity in RNA’s Kinetics versus Thermodynamics Standard free energy change- difference between the energies of the reactants
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