Title: Esterification Objective: To recover and calculate the percentage yield of substance by esterification. Introduction: When a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol‚ the products are water and ester. The overall reaction is reversible and slow‚ as soon as the products begin to form‚ hydrolysis a reverse reaction of esterification occurs. To ensure the reaction is complete an acid catalyst is commonly used. The catalyst is usually concentrated sulphuric acid. This experiment covered 4
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Acids and Their Derivatives I. Introduction Carboxylic acids is an organic compound that contains a carboxylic group(-COOH). Its general formula is R-C=OOH with R referring to the rest of the molecule such as H and C. They are directly attached to a carbonyl group and the interaction between them affects the reactions of each. The polarity of the O-H bond is greatly increased and the tendency to release a proton that cause the acidity that would be higher than the alcohols and phenols. The melting and
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Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Abstract: This procedure demonstrates the nitration of methyl benzoate to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate. Methyl benzoate was treated with concentrated Nitric and Sulfuric acid to yield methyl m-nitrobenzoate. The product was then isolated and recrystallized using methanol. This reaction is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction‚ in which the nitro group replaces a proton of the aromatic ring. Following recrystallization‚ melting point and infrared
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1 HIGHER SECONDARY MODEL EXAMINATION HSE II Max.marks: 60 CHEMISTRY Time: 2.45 hrs General instructions All questions are compulsory Cool-off time is 15 minutes 1] Defects modify the properties of crystals [4 marks] A] Give differences between Schottky and Frenkel defects [2.0] B] On heating zinc oxide becomes yellow in colour. Why? [1.0 ] C] Alkali metal halides on heating in presence of alkali metal produce characteristic colours.Give reason [1.0] 2] Colligative
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Brittany Martin 2/13/2014 Diels Alder reaction of anthracene and Maleic anhydride Reaction Scheme: Figure one shows the reaction scheme for Diels Alder reaction of anthracene and maleic anhydride Theory/Background: The Diels-Alder reaction was created in 1928 by two German chemists Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (Wade‚ Jr.‚ 2013). This reaction is best used for making six membered rings with different functional groups. The reaction is called a 4+2 cycloaddition because a ring is formed
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molecule. The nitrogen’s electrons are then kicked off on to the oxygen bearing a positive charge‚ creating water. This process formed an organic nitrate. Next‚ water is used to abstract hydrogen from the positively charged oxygen‚ forming hydronium. A carbonyl is formed as well as nitrogen dioxide gas. Simultaneously the oxygen separates itself from nitrogen dioxide by pushing its electrons onto the positively charged nitrogen. This forms benzil and nitrogen dioxide gas. The next series of reactions will
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Influence of the malt variety on the LOX-activity and potential Table of contents List of Abbreviations II List of tables and equations III Table of Figures IV 1 Introduction 1 2 The Lipoxygenase 2 3 Flavor active compounds formation 4 4 LOX activity & potential 5 5 Influence of barley variety and cultivation area on LOX-activity 6 6 Influence of malting and malt type on LOX activity & potential 7 7 Screenings and studies of LOX-less and LOX-free barley 8 8 Summary
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hydrates in the chemical sense. Carbohydrates‚ chemically‚ are polyhydroxy aldehydes (-CHO) or ketones (C=O) or compounds which upon hydrolysis yield these compounds. Note that each carbon in a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone structure‚ except for the carbonyl functional group (in yellow)‚ bears a hydroxyl (OH) functional group (in green). Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones with the same number of carbons are structural isomers of each other. CH. Generally‚ Carbohydrates are classified as: monosaccharides
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Chapter 3 3.1 Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules: O C NH2 H N O C OH H C CH2 (a) (b) O (c) Solutions: a. b. c. d. Amide‚ double bond Amine‚ carboxylic acid Double bond‚ ketone‚ ester O OCH3 (d) CH2OH Aromatic ring‚ double bond‚ alcohol (a) Alcohol (d) Amine (b) Aromatic ring (e) both ketone and amine (c) Carboxylic acid (f) two double bonds 3.2 Propose structures for simple molecules that contain the following functional groups:
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Final Biochemistry Exam Select the best answer for the following questions. 1. Which group of single-celled microorganisms has many members found growing in extreme environments? A) Bacteria B) Archaea C) Eukaryotes D) Heterotrophs E) None of the above 2. The three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is formed and maintained primarily through noncovalent interactions. Which one of the following is not considered a noncovalent interaction? A)
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