8.2 Chemical Earth 8.2.1 The living and non-living components of the Earth contain mixtures * Construct word and balanced formulae equations of chemical reactions as they are encountered Combustion reaction (burning) element + oxygen → oxide e.g. 4Na (S) + O2 (g) → Na2O (s) Reaction with hydrogen element + hydrogen → hydride e.g. Ca (s) + H2 (g) → CaH2 (s) Reaction between an oxide and water metallic oxide + water → hydroxide * metallic oxide is also known as “basic oxide” e.g
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organic phase unless the phase transfer catalyst is present. Phase transfer catalysis (also PTC) refers to the acceleration of the reaction by the phase transfer catalyst. Phase transfer catalysts for anion reactants are often quaternary ammonium salts. The corresponding catalysts for cations are often crown ethers. A PTC works by encapsulating the ion. The PTC-ion system has a hydrophilic interior containing the ion and a hydrophobic exterior. For example‚ the nucleophilic aliphatic substitution
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Discuss a range of analytical techniques used for the purification of proteins What are proteins? Proteins are the main building blocks of life. They are essential for the body and have many different roles . Proteins are made from sequence of amino acids. Protein structure is determined by their sequence of amino acids‚ which are linked by peptide link. Proteins are made from about 50 to 2000 amino acid residues. Figure 1 Why purify proteins? They are many reasons why a biochemist
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forming a binary compound. • end in the suffix "ide" • Or bonding between a metal and a complex ion. Steps in writing formulas: • • • • Use a periodic table of elements and of ions. Write the symbol and charge of the cation first (positive ion) Write the symbol and charge of the anion next (negative ion) Use criss-cross rule to balance for an electrically neutral compound. Name Symbol and Charge Na+ Mg2+ ClO2Formula NaCl MgO 1. 2. Sodium cloride Magnesium oxide Calcium bromide Aluminum sulphide
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bonding is caused by the attraction between anions and cations. An anion is a negatively charged ion‚ while a cation is a positively charged ion. Ions are formed when an element loses or gains an electron. Atoms in the alkaline metals‚ alkaline-earth metals and the boron family will lose atoms because it takes less energy to lose 1‚ 2 or 3 valence electrons respectively than gain 7‚ 6 or 5 valence electrons respectively. These elements will form cations with a positive charge. However‚ in the nitrogen
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accepter. The name of the acid depends on the ion’s ending and the number of hydrogen atoms must be equal to the negative charge‚ and the name of a base depends on if it contains OH or hydroxide. The naming of an acid depends on the suffix of the cation or anion name (please note that the term “stem” refers to the root word of the ion: if the ion’s ending is “-ide” then the name follow the following rule; hydro- (stem) - ic acid. If the ending. Just like the fluoride ion‚ which ince the rule is applied
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Microbiology Lecture Notes: I.Cell1/27/14 1. Robert Hooke 2. Basic unit of structure and function in all living things. a. Unicellular à Microscopic b. Multicellular à Microscopic & Macroscopic c. 2 main cell groups: 1. Eukaryote = True Nucleus 2. Prokaryote= Bacteria (only) a. Karyo = nucleus‚ pro= pre‚ Eu= true 3. Components of a cell: a. Nucleus: brain of cell; has nuclear membrane/envelope 1. DNA à Chromosomes (Genes) à make protein à Macromolecule
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essay to your teacher. Have fun! Method one is most similar to Chemistry. This is because the table of elements is like the building and we began by looking at it as a whole and then learned the individual parts of it. First we learned the anions and cations and where they are located. Also we learned specific elements with their symbols. Second chemistry is like method 1 because as we learned the symbols we also started to put everything together and began making compounds. We did this by balancing
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methodology‚ two different kinds of stains have been used to identify bacteria: acidic and basic dyes. Acidic dyes are so called because they consist of a salt that has a cation that transfers no color‚ but the anion portion is colored and does give off color. Basic dyes consist of an anion that does not give off any color and a cation that does stain biological samples. Examples of acidic dyes include acid fuchsin and eosin; examples of basic dyes include crystal violet‚ methylene blue and safranin
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affinity‚ the more negative the value‚ exothermic reaction) • An element with a high ionization energy generally has a high affinity for an electron Ions • the radius of a cation is always smaller than that of the atom from which it is derived. (the attractive force from the nucleus is no exerted on less negative) • anions are always larger than the atoms from which they are derived because of more electron-electron repulsion
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