IB Chemistry Summary- By Paul Li & Silvia Riggioni TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Atomic Theory................................................................................................................................................................ 3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.............................................
Free Atom Periodic table Covalent bond
transferred from a valence shell of an atom to the valence shell of another atom. Ionic bond involves electron transfer across two atoms. The atom which donates the electron is called cation which is a positive ion whereas the atom which gains the electron is called anion which is a negative ion. The opposite charge of cation and anion attract one another due to the electrostatic force which is formed between them. The formation of a ionic bond involves a metal and a non-metal. Thus it forms the ionic bond
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compounds are capable of conducting electricity when dissolved in solvents such as water at the level of individual atoms‚ ions or molecules (Silberberg‚ 2010). Dissolving an ionic salt in water destroys its lattice structure and the individual cations and anions dissociate through the body of the water. This ionic dissociation results in the surrounding water molecules getting attracted to the released ions (Lewis & Evans‚ 2011) and forming hydration shells. This process is referred to as dissolution
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Title | Cheers! Turn Water into Wine‚ Milk‚ and Beer | Course/Unit | SCH3U – Solutions and Solubility | Ministry Expectations | Overall Expectations:E3. Demonstrate an understanding of qualitative and quantitative properties of solutions.Specific Expectations: E2.1 Use appropriate terminology related to aqueous solutions and solubility‚ including but not limited to: concentration‚ solubility‚ precipitate‚ ionization‚ dissociation‚ pH‚ dilute‚ solute‚ and solvent.E3.1 Describe the properties of
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contain carbon is called an inorganic acid. An acid that contains carbon is called an organic acid. Strong acids are acids that produce lots of hydrogen ions‚ H1+’s. They almost completely dissociate (break apart) to form hydrogen cations‚ H1+‚ and the companion anions. Once dissolved in water the very strong acid does not exist any more since it has dissociated into its ions. H-Cl H1+ + Cl1- Dissociation of Hydrochloric acid Examples of Strong Acids: Strong Acid Hydrochloric Acid
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Liquid Film Motors [pic] Fiona McLaughlin Zoe Cheng Loreto College Coleraine Comments Abstract We have carried out an experimental and theoretical study of liquid film motors. This phenomenon was first reported in 2009. Two papers have been published on arXiv.com‚ the first describing the phenomenon (Shiryaeva et al)‚ the second offering a theoretical model for the observations (Amjadi et al). The
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General Chemistry 2 Study Guide* Exam 3‚ Spring 2014 Chapter 16 (Acid-Base Equilibria) Know the definitions of Arrhenius‚ Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids and bases. - Arrhenius: Acid dissolved in water increases conc. Of H+ ions. Base dissolved in water increases conc. Of OH- ions - Bronsted-Lowry: Acid: substance that donates a proton to another substance Base: substance that accepts a proton from another substance -Lewis: Acid: electron pair acceptor
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aromatic Cycloheptatriene cyclopentadiene • cyclopentadiene cation is not aromatic because it has only 2 pairs of electrons • cyclopentadiene anion is a planer cycle and has 3 pairs of electrons and the CH- has a P orbital (it’s sp2 hybridized) so it’s aromatic • Resonance in cyclopentadiene anion means that all atoms are equivalent (each atom has 1/5 of the negative charge) ------------------------------------------------------------
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Project on Saturated Solutions: Measuring Solubility iC BS E.c om Index 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Certificate Acknowledgement Objective Introduction Basic concepts Materials and Equipment Experimental Procedure Observation Conclusion Result Precautions Bibliography iC BS E .co m CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Project titled ’Saturated solutions: Measuring Solubility ’ was completed under my guidance and supervision by Roll No. ________
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of the Upper Nepean Catchment. The following is a summary of factors that affect water quality. Water may contain several ions‚ namely anions and cations which are toxic to humans. Hardness is the scum on water surface from significant concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions. Total dissolved solids is the measure of dissolved solids that are ionic in water. Turbidity is the presence of suspended solids in water which reduces penetration of light‚ resulting in a decrease concentration of
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