ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY: Theory means a formal statement of rules on which a subject of study is based or ideas which are suggested to explain a fact or an event or‚more generally‚ an opinion or explanation. Administrative theory consist of those concets given by experienced administrators or obseervation of the operational situations in administration‚they may be divided from comparative studies or they maybe ideas and opinions of intellectuals. Administrative theories are those
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as “the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something” (p. 106). Intrinsic motivation is motivation that is animated by personal enjoyment‚ interest‚ or pleasure. As Deci et al. (1999) observe‚ “Intrinsic motivation energizes and sustains activities through the spontaneous satisfactions inherent in effective volitional action. It is manifest in behaviors such as play‚ exploration‚ and challenge seeking that people often do for external rewards” (p. 658). Researchers often contrast intrinsic
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Theory Z Theory Z is an approach to management that advocates matching the organization’s culture to that of the larger society and assumes that involved workers are the key to increased productivity. In other words‚ the values of certain cultures affect the way the employees work‚ and therefore‚ those values should be taken into concideration when managing employees of a certain business. Another part of the theory is that‚ theory Z workers can be trusted to do their jobs to their utmost ability
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There are many theories associated with leadership. Some of them include behavioral theory‚ contingency theory‚ path goal theory and the leader- member exchange theory. The behavioral approach to leadership suggests that the leader’s behavior‚ not the leader’s personal characteristics‚ influence followers and that leaders are taught. Behavioral theories are theories proposing that specific behavior differentiate leaders from non- leaders. The main behavioral models include the Theory of Lewin‚ Lippit
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people should live their lives in accordance of distinguishing the right actions from wrong actions (Boatright‚ 2007‚ p. 7). In ethics normative theory propose different principles on how society can deal with this dilemma and that is through the introduction of deontological and theological ethical system. Deontological ethics or non-consequentialist theory requires people to do the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do regardless of its consequences (Barry‚ Sansburry‚ & Shaw
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may have stayed behind. Poltergeist activity‚ contrary to the Hollywood view‚ probably is not caused by ghosts or spirits at all‚ but by the mental energies of living humans. Research has shown that such activity usually centers around one person in a home who is experiencing great physical or emotional stress and is released as mysterious knockings‚ disappearing objects and even the physical movement of objects. This is the theory held by most researchers today‚ so it’s a bit confusing
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“Labeling theory is the theory of how your identity and behavior is influenced by the terms (labels) you use to describe or classify yourself” (Theworldcounts.com). However‚ our book states that labeling theory is also called social reaction theory. Throughout society and throughout our lives‚ we are often given labels to our identity due to our attitudes or behaviors. Some of those labels can be negative and have negative consequences later in life and sometimes they can be good‚ and likewise have
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The Deterrence Theory Deterrence of a crime is based on choice theory‚ which is the assumption that a person is making a conscious decision to commit a criminal act. Since the person is making a conscious effort to commit the crime‚ deterrence is meant to reflect the punishment for the crime based on that decision. In computer crime‚ since most computer users are aware of what constitutes as an illegal act (e.g. downloading music without paying for it)‚ the assumption is that most people know when
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Rudiment Principles in The Theory of Tax Dr. Jack Itzhak Barsheshet‚ Ph.D. Table of Contents Chapter One – Introduction 1. Preface 4 2. Jurisdiction to impose Tax 6 The Social Treaty and the Origin of Taxing 6 Historical Development 7 The Purpose of Tax 8 "Normative Tax Structure" and "Tax Expenditures" 8 Taxing and Justice 10 Distribution of Tax Burden 13 Does tax breaches Fundamental Rights? 16 Chapter Two – Postulates 3. Terms 20
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INTRODUCTION Criminological theories have rarely been concerned with the analysis of female criminality. Typically criminologists have either been content to subsume discussion of women offenders under ‘general’ theories‚ that is to say they have implicitly assumed the female is dealt with in discussing the male‚ or they have dealt with them exceptionally briefly in the way that other ‘marginal’ or ‘special’ categories are treated. The reason offered for this overwhelming lack of interest is that
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