This name‚ meaning rock oil‚ is applied to certain bituminous fluids found in the earth. Solid bitumen‚ or asphalt‚ differs but little in chemical composition from petroleum‚ both being compounds of carbon and hydrogen Many varieties of petroleum‚ and perhaps all‚ become thicker by exposure to the air‚ and finally solid‚ resembling asphaltum. Bitumen‚ and doubtless petroleum also‚ was known from the earliest ages‚ being the "pitch" which Noah used in building the Ark‚ and the "slime" used for
Premium Petroleum Distillation
Introduction In this experiment‚ the essential oil eugenol (the main component of oil of cloves) will be isolated from whole cloves using the technique of simple distillation‚ which is often used to isolate liquid natural products from plants. The mixture of whole cloves and distilled water will then be heated to boiling and the distillate (a eugenol/water mixture) will be collected. The eugenol will then be separated from the water by extraction with pentane. The pentane solutions will then be
Premium Distillation Essential oil Infrared
Title: Preparation and isolation of an Ester Aim: To make an ester and purify it Background Theory: Esters are derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols with the presence of a catalyst. A carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group‚ and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of some kind. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)is used as a catalyst for this reaction in order to accelerate the rate at which the product is formed. The general formula of an ester is RCOOR’ in
Premium Distillation Acetic acid
can be created using two methods: acid catalysed hydration of ethylene and through fermentation of sucrose. The purpose of this experiment was to use fermentation to produce ethanol from commercial sucrose (store-bought sugar)‚ using fractional distillation of the fermented solution. The percent ethanol in the fermented solution was then calculated. Mechanism: Results: Mass of conical vial 10.36 g Mass of conical vial with distillate 11.17 g Mass of distillate (mass of vial-mass of vial with distillate)
Premium Ethanol Distillation
Experiment 13: Synthesis of 1- Bromobutane An SN2 Reaction Theory: One of the methods of preparing alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. Alcohols are inexpensive materials and easy to maintain. However‚ they are a poor leaving group the OH group is a problem in nucleophilic substitution‚ this problem is fixed by converting the alcohol into H2O. Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction‚ to see how
Premium Distillation Alcohol Ethanol
solute - Boiling is a much quicker process than evaporation and therefore is more commonly used - The technique is based on the large differences in boiling points of the solute and solvent - THIS TECHNIQUE DOES NOT RECOVER THE LIQUID Distillation or simple distillation - This is a technique of separating two or more liquids or separating the liquid from the solids in a solution but also retrieving the liquid component - This technique relies on a difference of at least 50ºC in boiling point between
Premium Distillation Water Evaporation
an essential oil which is a volatile mixture of water-insoluble components that releases an odor and other characteristic of the plant. In this experiment we abstracted the major component of clove oil by codistillation with water through steam distillation and dichloromethane extractions. Also‚ IR spectrometry was used to identify the unknown constituent. An IR spectrum shows the characteristic
Premium Essential oil Distillation
the reaction of cyclopentadiene with itself as it will dimerize to form dicyclopentadiene if kept at room temperature as well as the exo isomer of the product. Reaction Mechanism: Experimental Procedure To begin this experiment‚ a fractional distillation was set up in order to distill dicyclopentadiene. A 10 mL conical vial was filled with 5 mL of dicyclopentadiene and then heated to a steady boiling point (40-42 C). Cyclopentadiene was then placed on ice while
Premium Chemistry Distillation
Homogenous mixtures has components that are indistingushable with each other e.g. (colloids) while Heterogenous mixtues ’ components can be distinguished from each other e.g. (suspensions). Mixtures can be separated by physical changes through distillation‚ decantation‚ evaporation‚and the use of magnet. Materials and Methods The reagents that we used are the following: Iron fillings‚ Distilled Water‚ Sodium Chloride (NaCl)‚ Sulfur. The equipments:100ml Beaker‚ Bunsen Burner‚ watch Glass‚ Stirring
Free Chemical substance Mixture Chemistry
chem FATHER AGNEL SCHOOL CLASS IX SUB : CHEMISTRY Matter In Our Sorroundings 1. Define matter. 2. What are the characteristics of matter? 3. What do you mean by the following terms: a. Evaporation b. Sublimation c. Condensation d. Latent Heat of Fusion e. Latent Heat of vaporisation. f. . Melting point g. Boiling point 4. Why do gases diffuse rapidly? 5. Write the relationship
Premium Water Temperature Chemistry