drugs used in the world‚ and is manufactured in huge quantities. The starting material for the commercial manufacture of paracetamol is phenol‚ which is nitrated to give a mixture of the ortho and para-nitrotoluene. The o-isomer is removed by steam distillation‚ and the p-nitro group reduced to a p-amino group. This is then acetylated to give paracetamol. Method * Place 2g of the 4-aminophenol into a 50cm3 conical flask‚ add 15cm3 of water and stir the suspension vigorously (magnetic stirrer) for
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Materials 2011‚ 4‚ 845-856; doi:10.3390/ma4040845 OPEN ACCESS Article ISSN 1996-1944 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials materials Preparation‚ Characterization and Performance of Templated Silica Membranes in Non-Osmotic Desalination Bradley P. Ladewig 1‚2‚3‚ Ying Han Tan 4‚ Chun Xiang C. Lin 4‚ Katharina Ladewig 2‚3‚ João C. Diniz da Costa4 and Simon Smart 4‚* 1 2 3 4 Department of Chemical Engineering‚ Faculty of Engineering‚ Monash University‚ VIC 3800‚ Australia; E-Mail:
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Multicomponent distillation 1) Mass balances The feed flowrate is 350 kmols hr-1 and the feed composition is known: 48 mol% propene‚ 50 mol% propane and 2 mol% butane. The distillate stream composition: 99.9 mol% propene and 0.1 mol% propane. The bottom product stream contains 0.5 mol% propene but the mole fractions of propane and butane are unknown. Therefore‚ mass balances are carried out around the distillate column. Overall mass balance: F=D+B Component mass balance for propene: xFF=yDD+xBB
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Primary alcohols undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids in two stages‚ it forms an aldehyde and then to the acid. In this experiment‚ we are used to prepare benzoic acid from benzene. Potassium permanganate is used this operation as an oxidizing reagent‚ it is used to oxidize the benzoic acid as well as acting as a catalyst for the reaction. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a very strong oxidant which is able to react with many functional groups‚ such as secondary alcohols‚ 1‚2-diols‚ aldehydes
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the temperature in the flask and a vertical condenser for reflux. Add in the reactants to the flask‚ sulfuric acid‚ 2-butanol‚ and ammonium bromide. Heat to 95OC and then maintain temperature for 30 minutes. Then‚ water was added and simple distillation began. The aqueous layer of the distillate was removed leaving the product‚ 2-bromobutane. For part 2‚ two drops of each of the following were placed in 3 different test tubes: 2-bromobutane‚ 1-bromoutane and 2-bromo-2-methylpropane. In each
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Separations of the Components of a Mixture January 9‚ 2013 Hailey Rounds Partners: Kelsy Shay Katie Nelson Objectives: The purposes of this experiment are to separate two components in a mixture‚ specifically sodium chloride and silica‚ and find the correlating percent composition of each. Abstract: This experiment consisted of the separation of sodium chloride and silica. The mixture was separated by extracting the sodium chloride with water and drying both substances. Adding water to
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Distillation of Alcohol Beverages Abstract Distillation is a process wherein a liquid is heated until its boiling point while the resultant hot vapors are subsequently captured and cooled‚ and the condensed vapors are collected. Among the many types of distillations‚ the fractional method or technique of distillation was used in this experiment. A step by step procedure was followed and an amount of 3.33 % of ethanol was obtained from the sample wine‚ Mateus Rose‚ which was used. Further
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+ Assignments) 30% 40% 3 Mid term Final term Course Outline Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations Selection criteria among different separation processes Complete design calculations for equilibrium stage processes; Distillation Absorption Leaching Liquid-Liquid Extraction Design calculations for differential contractors Applications of Mass Transfer Fundamentals Calculation of Rate of Mass Transfer: Limiting Processes Case studies taking Environment‚ Manufacturing
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Determination of Melting and Boiling Point of different Organic Compounds Bakare‚ Abimbola Kristine‚ C. Professor Miranda Marilyn‚ school of chemical engineering and biotechnology‚ Mapua Institute of Technology‚ CHM145L-B11 ABSTRACT A melting point of a solid is the temperature at which the first crystal just starts to melt until the temperature at which the last crystal just disappears. Thus‚ the melting point (m.p.) is actually a melting range. The melting point of a substance depends
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and integration in CDU ’. The main report is divided into 4 sections. To start with‚ the first Section is a basic introduction to Crude distillation unit‚ its process and products. Heat exchange is among the most important activity for crude distillation units. The 2nd part of the report focuses on this heat exchange process occurring in the crude distillation unit of Guwahati refinery. Necessary data regarding all the heat exchangers has been provided in a tabular manner to make understanding
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