SYNTHETIC EXPLOITATION OF ENZYMES: BIOCATALYSIS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS: FUNDAMENTALS ENZYMES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 1. Enzymes catalyze a broad spectrum of reactions with high turnover numbers. Rate enhancements approach 1012 fold. 2. Enzymes may accept a wide range of substrates. 3. Enzymes are highly regio and stereoselective. 4. Enzyme reactions take place under mild conditions; this minimizes problems of isomerization and racemization. 5. Enzymatic processes are less hazardous and polluting
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simpler compounds by the action of enzymes‚ complex organic catalysts‚ which are produced by microorganisms such as molds‚ yeasts‚ or bacteria. Enzymes act by hydrolysis‚ a process of breaking down or predigesting complex organic molecules to form smaller compounds and nutrients. For example‚ the enzyme protease breaks down huge protein molecules first into polypeptides and peptides‚ then into numerous amino acids‚ which are readily assimilated by the body. The enzyme amylase works on carbohydrates‚
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being tested if amylase‚ an enzyme found in saliva‚ would be denatured by being put in an acid or high temperatures. This lab is about denaturing amylase. It is tested by exposing it to pH and temperature changes. It is then mixed with Benedict’s solution‚ is a solution that changes color from blue to reddish brown when maltose is present. Amylase breaks starch into maltose‚ so is the amylase isn’t denatured‚ it should change colors. Amylase is an enzyme. Enzymes are a type of catalyst‚ and
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Identification of the Marker Enzymes Present in Different Fractions of a Chicken Liver Cell Priscilla Mariel M. Cadiz Biology Department‚ De La Salle University‚ 2401 Taft Ave‚ Manila‚ Philippines *Email: cadizpriscillamariel@yahoo.com Cell Fractionation allows the organelles to be studied in more depth and detailed. It is an important technique in Cell Biology because it enables to obtain precise information about the different structure and functions of the organelles. Certain organelles
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precipitate. Enzymes Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. An enzyme catalyses a specific reaction. They have an active site… Substrate ENZYME Products. Maltose is broken down by the enzyme maltase to glucose and glucose. The reactions enzymes catalyse can be anabolic or catabolic - Anabolic meaning building‚ catabolic meaning breaking down. They do not die. They are simply denatured. They are affected by temperature‚ pH and concentration of enzyme and/or substrate
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designed to test the reaction of the enzyme amylase at various temperatures. There were two different kinds of amylase being tested‚ one was fungal amylase also known as aspergillus oryzae and human amylase. The changes in temperature effect the rate at which an enzyme and a substrate collide. When the temperature is too high the active site changes shape or denatures‚ once this occurs it stops substrates from attaching themselves to their corresponding enzyme. When the temperature is too low it decreases
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Natural enzymes are proteins that catalyze biological reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction without being altered during the process. The enzyme used in this experiment was the β-galactosidase purified from E. coli. This enzyme hydrolyzes lactose and turns it into galactose and glucose. Since it is difficult to assay the activity of β-galactosidase‚ we will be using the artificial substrate‚ o-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) instead of lactose. ONPG is an analog of lactose
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BIOLOGY 22 MODULE 1 – Chemical Basis of Life v2.0 * Levels of Organization – biological functions are ultimately based on the properties of atoms and molecules * Subatomic particles – neutrons‚ electrons‚ protons * Atoms * Compounds * Complexes of compounds * Organelles – bodies within cells that perform specific functions * Cell * Specific combination of organelles * Can metabolize and reproduce * Least elaborate living structure * Significance
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between other cuvettes‚ for example‚ absorbance differences between cuvette 1s and 2s or 2s and 3s. It is assumed that the relative concentration of enzymes does not catch up that of iron cofactors. In other words‚ even though we put more iron cofactors to interact with enzymes after a certain point‚ it cannot speed the reaction further because no more enzymes can interact with extra iron cofactors. Furthermore‚ we can notice that even though the higher amount of iron cofactors indicates the higher absorbance
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the Catalytic Properties of the Enzyme Peroxidase Extracted from a Turnip Under the Conditions of Temperature‚ pH‚ Boiling and Competitive Inhibitors By Robin Caserta BIO 101 September 30‚ 2013 ABSTRACT The enzyme‚ peroxidase‚ extracted from a turnip was tested for its efficiency in binding to its substrate and its stability under several conditions. To do this‚ we tested effects on peroxidase activity‚ first‚ with different amounts of the enzyme‚ next at temperatures of 4oC‚ Room
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