a and b in ethanol at room temperature. Additionally‚ several reactions were performed using various catalysts in different reaction conditions and results are summarized in Table 1. The catalyst free reaction fails to produce selective benzimidazole and conversion of reactants in long reaction time and obtained only 21 % conversion with 13 % selective yield of c after 48 h reaction time (Table I‚ Entry 1). Later on‚ the same reaction performed at 80oC reaction temperature in ethanol without any
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will become more readily available to all people. Problem solved‚ right? Then what of the gasoline woes? We need to reduce our emissions‚ oil use‚ and work domestically to fix this problem. Enter cleaner‚ safer‚ naturally grown‚ made in the USA ethanol. Ethanol can be used in place of gasoline‚ greatly reducing dependency of foreign oil‚ and
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This scientific report will be based on cellular respiration‚ or fermentation. In specific‚ how the type of sugar affects the rate of fermentation. The aim of this experiment was to find which type of sugar was best suited to produce ethanol. In the experiment‚ four different sugars were used‚ they included sucrose‚ glucose‚ lactose and fructose. This research is still relevant today‚ as alcohol is still consumed and is required on a large scale. This makes it crucial to companies to find the best
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intermediate. The carbocation intermediate is then immediately detained by the weak nucleophile in a fast‚ second step to give the product. A solution of ethanol with some silver nitrate may be added provided the weak nucleophile – the alcohol. If an SN1 reaction occurs‚ the alkyl halide will dissociate to form a carbocation‚ which will then react with the ethanol to form an ether. Since there is not a strong nucleophile present‚ the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond is encouraged by the formation and precipitation
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was used to determine the rate constant k of the synthesis of benzoic acid at different temperatures and ethanol concentrations. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor‚ where ethyl benzoate was added to a mixture of water‚ ethanol‚ and sodium hydroxide. The agitation speed of the batch reactor was kept set at 250 rpm and the temperature was varied between 40°C and 45°C. The ethanol concentrations used for this experiment were 0.25M and 0.35M. The concentration of the samples were found
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An Overview of the Ethanol Industry in Brazil. A Fair Cost of the Success? Oil as energetic source would be over within the next sixty years. It is the reason because countries around the world‚ but particularly industrialized or developed countries are encouraging the production of biofuels or agrofuels. However‚ the production of biofuels has different social‚ economic and environmental impacts in each country depending on its natural resources used for production as well as social and political
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Contents: Introduction Background Importance of Experiment Aim and Hypothesis Results Discussion Discoveries and Explinations Limitations Applications Conclusion Biography Introduction (482 words) This experiment measures the rate of change and efficiency of different burning alcohols. An alcohol‚ any of a class of organic compounds characterized by one or more hydroxyl (−OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols are among the most common
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to sugar and then to ethanol. · Starch is converted enzymatically to glucose either by diastase presents in sprouting grain or by fungal amylase. · The resulting dextrose is fermented to ethanol with the aid of yeast producing CO2 as co-product. A second co-product of unfermented starch‚ fiber‚ protein and ash known as distillers grain (a high protein cattle feed) is also produced. Cellulosic Materials: · Each step in the process of the conversion of cellulose to ethanol proceeded with 100%
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crystallize using ethanol and water. I chose these solvents based on part C of the experiment (table 1.1). The compound is too soluble in ethanol but too insoluble in water. Benzoic acid is a polar compound in comparison with ethanol which is a less polar compound. However at low temperatures benzoic acid is insoluble in water. Compounds are soluble in solvents with the same polarity‚ like dissolves like. Table 1.1 Benzoic Acid solubility Dissolve Heat Ice H2O No No No Ethanol Yes Yes Yes Hexane
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The Identification and Production of Materials 1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene‚ for the production of other substances. Students Learn To: .2 Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the refining of petroleum. • Ethylene is produced either from natural gas or crude oil‚ which are mixtures of hydrocarbons. One method involves… Cracking: a process by which hydrocarbons with higher molecular
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