DIFFUSION= The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Atoms and small molecules can move across a cell membrane by diffusion. OSMOSIS= Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until there is an equal concentration of fluid on both sides of the membrane. SELECTIVE PERMEABLE MEMBRANE=a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows
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To maintain life‚ organisms must be able to convert energy from one form to another. For example‚ in the process of photosynthesis‚ algae‚ plants‚ and photosynthetic prokaryotes use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen (a waste product). The summary reaction for photosynthesis can be written as 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2 This type of reaction is an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction. This reaction is also [anabolic/catabolic] and [endergonic/exergonic]
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Enzymes An enzyme is a protein used to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. Because they regulate the rate of chemical reactions‚ they are also called catalysts. There are many‚ many different types of enzymes‚ because for each chemical reaction that occurs‚ an enzyme specific to that reaction must be made. To act on a substrate‚ an enzyme must contain an active site. The active site is the area on the enzyme that allows the substrate and enzyme to fit together. The amino acids that are present
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WHAT IS HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP? * High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a calorie-providing sweetener used to sweeten foods and beverages‚ particularly processed and store-bought foods. It is made by an enzymatic process from glucose syrup that is derived from corn. A relatively new food ingredient‚ it was first produced in Japan in the late 1960s‚ then entered the American food supply system in the early 1970s. HFCS is a desirable food ingredient for food manufacturers because it is equally
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several decades for its nutritive and therapeutic. It has been used as a sweetener and flavoring agent in foods and beverages. The sweetness of honey is due to the different forms of carbohydrate present in honey such as monosaccharides‚ fructose‚ glucose and disaccharides‚ maltose‚ isomaltose‚ maltulose‚ sucrose and turanose (Ayoub Meo et al.‚ 2016). Honey is rich in Vitamin B6‚ Vitamin C‚ trace vitamin B‚ amino acids‚ antioxidants‚ folic acid‚ iron‚ minerals‚ zinc and niacin (David‚ 2007; Fatimah
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with bromine water (subsitution reaction‚ only under sunlight‚ that is UV light): ▪ C6H12 (l) + Br2(aq) [pic]C6H11Br(aq) + HBr(aq) • Fermentation and combustion of ethanol: – Fermentation of glucose: ▪ glucose [pic] ethanol + carbon dioxide ▪ C6H12O6 (aq) [pic] 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) ▪ Note: the yeast used is zymase
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Edition‚ 2006‚ p29-32. Statement of Purpose: An aqueous solution of ethanol is prepared by the fermentation of sucrose. The percent alcohol is the resulting solution and the percent conversions of the sucrose are to be determined. Introduction: Sucrose is a molecule containing glucose and fructose. http://faculty.tcc.fl.edu/scma/phelpsj/experiments/ethanol.pdf Balanced Equation: yeast yeast C12H22O11(s) + H2O 4C2H5OH(l) + 4CO2 Table of Reagents and Expected Products: Reagent
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Pineapple Peelings as Vinegar TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Abstract…………………………………………………………... 1 Research Plan……………………………………………………..2 Introduction…………………………………………………..2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………..2 Significance of the Study……………………………………..2 Scope‚Delimitation and Limitations…………………………..2 Definition of Terms……………………………………………3 Review of Related Literature………………………………………4 Methodology………………………………………………………5 Materials……………………………………………………….5 Procedures……………………………………………………
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to the problem under investigation Yeast are eukaryotic species and make up approximately one percent of species in the kingdom Fungi. One of the most well studied yeast species‚ Saccharomyces cerevisiae‚ commonly known as bakers yeast‚ and also used in the fermentation of alcohols‚ is a model species for the study of eukaryotic cells. They are known to reproduce either sexually‚ by mitosis‚ or asexually‚ by budding‚ depending on environmental conditions. Yeast grow and reproduce by producing enzymes
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Identification and Production of Materials ================================ Ethene‚ Polymers and Ethanol ================================ Catalytic Cracking Oil refineries need to balance their outputs of various products (petrol‚ diesel‚ fuel oil‚ etc.) to match the demands of the marketplace. Catalytic cracking is the process in which high molecular weight (high boiling point) fractions from crude oil are broken into lower molecular weight (lower boiling point) substances in order to increase
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