vehicle. One of the ways to get fuel from the biomass is a process called fermentation‚ whereby micro-organisms and bacteria break down a starchy substance into sugar‚ and then they convert the sugar to form alcohol. The micro-organisms and bacteria have the ability to do this due to their metabolisms. The glucose allows the micro-organisms to acquire energy anaerobically. The alcoholic fermentation occurs when yeast transforms sugar‚ cellulose and starch (carbohydrates) into carbon dioxide‚ and
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renewable non-fossil carbon‚ such as organic wastes and biomass consisting of all growing organic matter (plants‚ grasses‚ fruit wastes and algae) to fuel would assure a continual energy supply (Wyman‚ 1996). The economics of ethanol production by fermentation *Corresponding author. E-mail: lvereddy@yahoo.com; yjwee@ynu.ac.kr. Tel: +91 92909 75611; +82 53 810 2951. Fax: +82 53 810 4662. are significantly influenced by the cost of the raw materials‚ which accounts for more than half of the production
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BEVERAGES (C2H5OH) Alcoholic beverage is portable liquid which contain 2% to 75% of liquor. They are produced by the introduction of yeast for fermentation into substance such as fruits‚ cereal (grain)‚ molasses and plant extract. Technically‚ it is known as ethyl alcohol that forms as the product of a chemical reaction in which yeast converts the glucose present in the cereals or molasses into alcohol & carbon dioxide(CO2)‚ though there are other reaction taking place at the same time and
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other B vitamins that help in breaking down of foods in the body. The phytochemical captin present in the fruit is used in medication to treat heart problems. Dragon fruits have no complex carbohydrate. The carbohydrate source comes from fructose and glucose‚ which are the main sugar component in the fruits (Liaotrakoon‚ 2013). Besides‚ they also contain other nutrients such as polyunsaturated (good) fatty acids‚ carotene‚ and protein. Lycopene pigment‚ a carotene responsible for the red color in red
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proven records of brewing are about 6‚000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia and the ancient cities of Babylon and Ur. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation process by chance. A seal around 4‚000 years old is a Sumerian "Hymn to Ninkasi"‚ the goddess of brewing. This "hymn" is also a recipe for making beer. No one knows today exactly how this occurred‚ but it could be that a piece of bread or grain
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References: 5. Atkins‚ Peter (2010). Atkins ’ Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press. pp. 913-947. 10. Cysewski G.R.‚ Wilke C.R.‚ (1976). Utilization of cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of hydrolysate to ethanol and single cell protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng.18: 1297– 1313. 11. Dale B.E.‚ Moreira M.J.‚ 1982. A freeze explosion technique for increasing cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 12‚ 31-43. 12. Taherzadeh MJ
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identify and differentiate two closely related species. 2. What are the carbohydrate profiles of the organisms you tested? (2) The yeast carbohydrate profile came out with glucose and fructose positive and Mannitol negative. The staph epidermidis was glucose‚ lactose and sucrose positive and mannitol negative. 3. Why is it important not to incubate the fermentation tubes more than 24 hours?(1) Because the sugar test will have a higher chance that the color will change and could alter the
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BIO FINAL STUDY GUIDE Scientific Method: 1) Observe something interesting 2) Educated idea = hypothesis (if – change/IV -… then – measure/DV… because) 3) Experiments 4) Analyze + conclude 5) Report it to world Science | Pseudoscience | -uses scientific method | -doesn’t use scientific method | -good hypothesis (falsifiable –provable) | -bad hypothesis (unfalsifiable) | -Repeatable + predictable | -unrepeatable | -1 variable | -none or many variables | -ex. Aliens
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w w w e tr .X m eP e ap UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education .c rs om *2925136620* CHEMISTRY Paper 3 (Extended) 0620/33 May/June 2012 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number‚ candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a pencil for any diagrams‚ graphs
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organisms as most opinions differ as to which organisms should be a part of this group. However‚ they can be broadly defined as a large group of related bacteria that have similar properties and convert carbohydrates to lactic acid by lactic acid fermentation. 1 Glucose hexose isomerase 2 ATP 2 Lactic Acid + 4ATP They are heterotrophic and can be found extensively in nature including plant leaves (e.g. Lactobacillus‚ Leuconostoc)‚ the animal’s oral cavity (e.g. Streptococcus mutans)
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