The macrophages are attracted to invading pathogens by chemicals. They ingest the pathogen and break it down into smaller pieces. They then put pieces of the pathogens outer membrane that contains the pathogens antigens onto its surface membrane. It is now called an antigen presenting cell. Each antigen has a specific shape. Somewhere in the lymphatic system there is one T lymphocyte
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effector functions. One of the several means of protection of the body against pathogens is the activation of B cells and their generation of antibodies. These antibodies can be involved in four main functions: neutralization‚ opsonization‚ complement fixation and mediation of cytotoxicity. Neutralizing antibodies are the ones that block pathogens from gaining access to the cell by binding to receptors that the pathogen uses for this purpose. In other words‚ certain viruses like HIV and influenza
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Skin secretions are acidic and contain chemicals that make skin inhospitable for pathogens. Ex: lysozyme‚ can digest cell walls of certain bacteria. 4. The mucus membranes not only provide a barrier‚ but they also produce a variety of protective chemicals. For example‚ the stomach secretes digestive enzymes and has a very low pH. The respiratory and digestive tracts are lined with sticky mucous that traps pathogens. 5. Once the surface barrier has been broken‚ the second line of defense‚ the innate
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diseases emerge from domesticated animals that act as carriers. Additionally‚ the warmer climate during the Neolithic period provided many bacteria and pathogens a desirable environment to grow. Agriculture’s role in the transmission of diseases includes changing the transmission ecology of existing pathogens‚ increasing the success of pre-existing pathogen vectors‚ and increased carriers of diseases.(Pearce-Duvet‚ 2006) The increases in susceptibility to diseases can also be accredited to the lack of
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because the classical pathway can be triggered directly by a pathogen or indirectly by an antigen binding to a pathogen causing generating of active components with various effector functions. 2.5) In a healthy person hydrolysis of the thioester bond in C3 will be regulated by complement control proteins that regulate complement cascade at different points to protect host cell while allowing complement activation to proceed on the pathogen surfaces. Proteins in the first group catalyze the cleavage
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by infection. Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders‚ environmental diseases may determine the development of disease in those genetically predisposed to a particular condition. Stress‚ physical and mental abuse‚ diet‚ exposure to toxins‚ pathogens‚ radiation‚ and chemicals found in almost all personal care products and household cleaners are possible causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental
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skin and mucus membranes with regards to microbial defenses. Section Reference 1: Section 19.1 The Skin‚ Mucus Membranes‚ and Eyes 4) Mucus membranes: a) produce an oily secretion called sebum b) contain keratin‚ a waterproofing protein c) trap pathogens in a thick watery secretion of glycoproteins and electrolytes d) are distributed with sweat glands that lower the pH of the membranes Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: LO 19.1 Review the anatomy of the skin and mucus membranes with
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How does the immune system react to pathogens? It fights off the pathogen by Leukocytes also known as white blood cells. When a pathogen enters the body the immune system becomes alert to it and sends out sends out the Phagocytes (a type of Leukocytes) which engulf the pathogens. If the body has a weak immune system‚ the pathogens eventually overtake the body which can result in a disease. How do the different pieces of the immune system work together? The bone marrow‚ the lymph nodes‚ the spleen
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Biology notes The search for better health Discuss the difficulties of defining the terms ‘health’ and ‘disease’ - Disease is any condition that impairs normal living processes and is recognised by the presence of specific symptoms - Many diseases are best understood as a disturbance of homeostasis - Health is a state of complete physical‚ mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - ‘Health’ and ‘disease’ are not always easy terms to define - For example‚ someone
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The Bubonic Plague In Europe during the late 1340s‚ almost 25 million people died. During the Great Plague of London in the 1660s‚ one in every five people died. This was all caused by one deadly disease‚ the Bubonic Plague (National Geographic). The Bubonic Plague attacks a body system called the immune system. This disease’s structure and function cause this body system to malfunction and will also cause many awful problems and symptoms in the body. Imagine what it would be like if an outbreak
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