CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Antimycobacterial Studies An Antimycobaterial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth and activities of disease causing Mycobacteria (e.g.‚ Mycobacterium tuberculosis‚ Mycobacterium Leprae‚ etc) that are responsible for fatal diseases such as Tuberculosis and leprosy. Antimicrobacterials can either kill microbes (microbiocidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic) (Hannan et al.‚ 2011). Mycobacterium is a genius in the family of the Mycobacteriaceae
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several processes and using different compounds as reactants. One of the simplest method used is the addition of a hydrogen halide to an alcohol. In this research‚ tert-butyl alcohol was reacted with cold concentrated HCl to produce tert-butyl chloride. The crude product was distilled to yield a pure tert-butyl chloride. The tert-butyl alcohol‚ together with HCl‚ underwent an SN1 nucleophilic substitution reaction‚ which is composed of three steps—(1) propanation of alcoholic oxygen‚ (2) formation of
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EXP-10 CHEM 233L SYNTHESIS OF p-BROMOANILINE Introduction: In this experiment‚ p-bromoaniline was synthesized in three steps starting from aniline. Since the amino group of aniline is a strong activator of aromatic ring‚ direct bromination is impractical (equation 1). In order to make a desired product‚ amino group needed to be protected as the acetamide which also maintained ortho and para position but slowed down the rate of reaction (equation 2). Slow reaction rate would increase
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I. Objective(s) In this Experiment‚ the relative reactivities of different substituted benzenes towards bromination will be determined‚ where bromine is dissolved in acetic acid. Materials and apparatus Test solutions: 0.2 M solutions in ethyl acetate: Benzene‚ chlorobenzene‚ phenol‚ nitrophenol‚ aniline and acetanilide. Measuring pipettes (5 mL) micro test tubes 0.05 M Br2 in 90% CH3COOH Pasteur pipettes 0.05 M Br2 in cyclohexane II. Schematic Diagram
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These standards and the unknown were separated by performing a method of chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed by using a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The mobile phase was a nonpolar solvent composed of ethanol and ethyl acetate. The solid stationary phase was coated with silica gel‚ which is very polar. The amino acids were spotted onto two TLC plates; the plates were then placed in a chamber which contained the mobile phase. The plates were sprayed with 0.1% Ninhydrin
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Title: Prep of t-Butyl Chloride via SN1 Reaction Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize tert-butyl chloride via an SN1 reaction. t-Butyl Chloride was synthesized from t-Butyl Alcohol using hydrochloric acid in separatory funnel; isolation of t-Butyl Chloride was done under distillation conditions. The experiment resulted in 8.29grams of purified compound‚ which is a 66.27 percent yield. Procedure: As per handout with changes Equation: Mechanism: Results: (Scan
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components. Part2 :to learn the separation technique by using TLC plate in separating a mixture of compound by using spinach leaf. Apparatus:UV lamp‚capillary ‚250 ML beaker Materials:aspirin‚acetaminophen‚caffeine‚unknown A‚unknown B‚TLC plates‚ethyl acetate‚Hexane‚acetic acid‚iodine Introduction: Procedure: A.spotting of the TLC plates 1.A TLC plates is obtained from my instructor. 2.the plate is set down on a clean‚dry surface then a line Is drawn lightly across the plate about 1cm from
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conditions. This is achieved as a result of the consecutive biochemical breakdown of polymers to methane and carbon dioxide in an environment in which a variety of microorganisms which include fermentative microbes (acidogens); hydrogen-producing‚ acetate-forming microbes (acetogens); and methane-producing microbes (methanogens) harmoniously grow and produce reduced end-products. Anaerobes play important roles in establishing a stable environment at various stages of methane fermentation. Methane
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antimony (III) oxide catalyst. The solid PTA is mixed with an ethylene glycol. The paste formed is then fed into the primary esterification reactor (PE1) which operates at 7 bar and 270°C‚ vapour from the reactor is rectified via a multi-stage distillation column (D5)‚ this removes any water and acetaldehyde as well as recovering unreacted EG which is recycled back to PE1. Oligomer from PE1 is fed into a consecutive esterification reactor (PE2) which runs at 1bar and 290°C and is divided into three
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oils contain liquids that may not survive heating at higher temperatures‚ steam distillation is an especially advantageous technique for isolating them because their immiscible mixture with water boils below 100
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