when it "falls" to oxygen because oxygen attracts electrons very strongly. C. Redox reaction is when electrons move from one molecule to another. D. Oxidation is the loss of electrons. E. Reduction is the addition of electrons. F. Dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction when hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule. G. NAD is an organic molecule that cells make from the vitamin niacin and use to shuttle lecterns in redox reactions. H. Electron transport chain
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Excretion Notes 4.2.1 (a) Define the term excretion (b) Explain the importance of removing metabolic wastes‚ including carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste‚ from the body. Definitions: Excretion: “The removal of waste products of metabolism from the body”. Ingestion: “The intake of substances into the stomach”. Digestion: “The breakdown of molecules that are ingested from large molecules into small molecules”. Absorption: “The intake of those small molecules through the plasma membrane
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CHAPTER 13 HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY FROM FOOD 2009 Garland Science Publishing The Breakdown and Utilization of Sugars and Fats 13-1 Glycolysis is an anaerobic process used to catabolize glucose. What does it mean for this process to be anaerobic? (a) No oxygen is required. (b) No oxidation occurs. (c) It takes place in the lysosome. (d) Glucose is broken down by the addition of electrons. 13-2 Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates
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Jeffrey Shenfeld An Experimental and Statistical Analysis of SDH activity as compared in Liver‚ Kidney‚ and Heart Homogenates of the Bos taurus Methods The three tissues being analyzed in this experiment‚ those of the kidney‚ heart and liver‚ were taken from the animal Bos taurus. The tissue homogenates used were made by adding 1 gram of tissue to 20 ml of sucrose phosphate buffer. The buffer was composed of 250 mM sucrose‚ 50 mM NaPO4‚ with a pH of 7.4. This mixture was homogenized with
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------------------------------------------------- The Processes of the nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed‚ or "fixed" (see page on nitrogen fixation)‚ in order to be used by plants. Some fixation occurs in lightning strikes‚ but most fixation is done by free-living or symbiotic bacteria. These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia‚ which is then further converted by the bacteria to make their own organic
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Wolkov et al.‚ (2014) cited Penicillium canescens is a filamentous fungus that typically does not secrete sufficient levels of cellulase activity. Cellobiohydrolase I (CBH) of P. canescens (PcCel7A) homologously cloned and then expressed into a host strain RN3-11-7 (niaD-). The recombinant enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.0–4.5. They found that PcCel7A was stable at 50 °C and pH 4.5 for 3 hours‚ while at 60°C after 30 min of incubation it lost 45% of activity. The recombinant enzyme showed
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by monoamine oxidase or dopamine is broken down to 3-MT by catechol 0-methyltransferase. The3‚4 DOPAC than breaks down to homovanillic acid by catechol-o-methyltransferase and 3-MT breaks down to homovanillic acid by monoamine oxidase‚ aldehyde dehydrogenase. (e) Briefly outline one mechanism for the possible genetic basis of alcoholism. GABA is a neurotransmitter that can affect alcoholism. If in your genes you possess that specific neurotransmitter for GABA than the chances of you having alcoholism
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRELIMINERIES Due to highly development of chemical and biochemical industries‚ acetic acid has largely produced to fulfil the needs of world demand in production of daily used products and for pharmaceutical needs. Therefore‚ this study is carried out to introduce the production of acetic acid using biological pathways which includes the used of microorganisms. In this chapter will briefly explained on the knowledge about acetic acid and the microorganism
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formed in a four-step reaction involving conversion of starch to sugar by amylases‚ anaerobic conversion of sugars to ethanol by yeast fermentation‚ conversion of ethanol to hydrated acetaldehyde‚ and dehydrogenation to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (Nichol 1979; Canning 1985). The last two steps are performed aerobically with the aid of acetic acid forming bacteria. Acetic acid fermentation is done in a sugary medium. It is consists of the fermentation of alcoholic substrate to acetic
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Biochemistry 463‚ Spring 2012 BCHM 463 Biochemistry of Physiology Spring 2012 Dr. James Watson Office: 1507 Chemistry Bldg. Phone: (301) 405-1873 Email: watsonja@umd.edu Office hours: Mondays 1:00-1:50 and Thursdays 11-11:50 (or by appointment) Teaching Assistant: Poorni Adikaram poornird@umd.edu (Office hours by apt) BCHM463 meets MWF 11:00-11:50am in CHM1402. Textbook: Biochemistry (7th Ed.) by Stryer‚ Berg‚ and Tymoczko. There is an e-text available which is acceptable for use in this course
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