Operant conditioning is the process of a behaviour in which the likelihood of a specific behaviour is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement. The theory is based on Thorndike (1993) law of effects which state that behaviour is a function of its consequences (cited in O’ Brien 2009). Skinner used observation as a leading approach to operate
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be verified to the extent that it was in keeping with observation. Skinner was famous for an experiment called the Baby box (1945). This was a glassed-in playpen in which the temperature and Humidity was automatically controlled. Skinner’s youngest daughter spent her Infancy in one of these glassed-in playpens. This at the time was classed as very controversial and misunderstood by the general public. Skinner claimed that the box was to serve the same purpose as the baby crib
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abilities. The child can reach or acquire these only with the help and guidance of adults. Thorndike Behavioural theory of learning (Trial and error theory- stimuli response) Cat‚ cage with a button and food Behavioural theory of learning (Theory of classical conditioning ) Dog‚ bell and meat (Saliva) The two principles are The law of exercise The law of effect Pavlov Skinner Behavioural theory of learning (Theory of operant conditioning) Teaching pigeon to dance
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regard to aggression. Albert Bandura was trained and began his career in the mid-twentieth century when explanations of human functioning‚ including classroom learning‚ were dominated by behavioural models advocated by researchers such as B. F. Skinner‚ Clark Hull‚ Kenneth Spence‚ and Edward Tolman. In this context‚ Bandura‚ along with his students and colleagues‚ initiated a series of studies designed to examine social explanations for why and when children displayed aggressive behaviours. These studies
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Karen Horney (neo Freudian) -development of women (radical theory) feminist psychologist -criticize Freud’s for being arelational -kicked out from psychoanalytic practice -challenges Freud Her views: We are born with real self (innate) drive to realization; how does th real self fit with the environment ; need for security (security‚ warmth‚ freedom to express one self‚ guidance and limits * If poor fit with the environment‚ the kids need for security grow‚ if the need for security
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Assessment task – CYP 3.1 part C Understand child and young person development Theorists Important: Do not exceed 4000 words (the bibliography/reference section is not included in the word count) Within the evidence for the tasks below where relevant you also need to show examples of how you embed the knowledge into your own /the settings practice. Please remember you must show your own knowledge and practice do not copy what is in your research
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response that behaviorand the stimulus that follows consequences.(Skinner‚1938)Its have four operant condition procedures‚ Positive reinforcement‚ Negative reinforcement‚ Positive punishment and Negative punishment. Moreover‚ the law of effect is a response that is followed by satisfying consequences becomes more probable and a response that is followed by dissatisfying consequences becomes less probable.(Thorndike‚1898) Therefore‚ children will increase the
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pleasurable consequence‚ it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence‚ it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________. Answer Selected Answer: Thorndike ’s Law of Effect Question 2 2 out of 2 points A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______. Answer Selected Answer: operant conditioning Question 3 2 out of 2 points A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for
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Erlbaum. Malone‚ T. (1981). Towards a theory of instrinsically motivating instruction. Cognitive Science‚ 4‚ 333-369. Weiner‚ B. (1986). An Attribution Theory of Motivation and Emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag. Hull‚ C. (1943). Principles of Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Hull‚ C. et al. (1940). Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning. New Haven‚ NJ: Yale University Press. Tolman‚ E.C. (1932). Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
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behavior. • Hence the rise of functionalism. James was professor of psychology at Harvard Principles of Psychology: • James wrote this • Titles were stream of thought‚ memory‚ reasoning‚ emotion‚ will‚ effects of experience Edward Thorndike: • In the late 1800s at Harvard‚ drawing from James and functionalism and also Darwin’s ideas of evolution of species and their adaption to environment‚ he studied the progress cats made in solving a puzzle by learning a desired that is instrumental
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