Building materials of a cell are composed of two atoms that form molecules. A chemical bond is created when two atoms share an electron. Also called covalent bond because they share valence electrons. A covalent bond‚ which is the strongest bond‚ takes action when two atoms valence overlap. For example‚ there are two suns and the light that shines from the two solid spheres forms many rays making a radiant cloud around each of the two. If these suns move closer together the radiant shine would
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Finalized Notes Cells are small membrane bound units filled with concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and given the ability of reproducing itself by dividing. Thus for this purpose the cells are the fundamental unit of life. If cells are modified to specific specialization they cause the cell to lose its ability to reproduce‚ as a result they end up depending on other cells for the basic needs. In all living things genes are stored in the DNA molecule‚ encoded in the same chemical code
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the structure of an amino acid and the formation and breakage of a peptide bond. (f) Explain the meaning of the terms primary structure‚ secondary structure‚ tertiary structure and quaternary structure of proteins‚ and describe the types of bonding (hydrogen‚ ionic‚ disulfide and hydrophobic interactions) which hold the molecule in shape. (g) Analyse the molecular structure of a dimeric enzyme with a quaternary structure e.g. viral/HIV protease‚ as an example of a globular protein‚ and of collagen as
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|WEEK |LEARNING OBJECTIVES |LEARNING OUTCOMES |ACTIVITIES |REMARKS | |1 |FORM 4 ORIENTATION | | |4/1 – 6/1 |
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criteria‚ the learner is able to: To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that‚ in addition to the pass and merit criteria‚ the learner is able to: P1 outline the key features of the periodic table‚ atomic structure and chemical bonding M1 relate the key features of the periodic table to the conclusions drawn from the practical activities D1 explain how standard solutions and titrations are prepared in industry P2 demonstrate practically the ability to prepare chemical solutions
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the chemical nature or reactive groups in the binding site of the enzyme. Eg.‚ Sodium alginate. Methods of Immobilization: The surface on which the enzyme is immobilized is responsible for retaining the structure in the enzyme through hydrogen bonding or the formation of electron transition complexes. These links will prevent vibration of the enzyme and thus increase thermal stability. The micro environment of surface and enzyme has a charged nature that can cause a shift in the optimum pH of
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which are looped around and is held by hydrogen bonds. The 3 stranded molecules runs parallel to others and the disulphide cross-linkages between the r-groups of the amino acid holds the molecules together forming fibres. Collagen molecules forms covalent bonds which are called cross links‚ with other collagen molecules next to it. The cross-links that form are shocked along the collagen molecules and adding to the strength of the molecules. This structure called a collagen fibril. Many fibrils together
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turns into brine water because of the salt dissolving. Then this salt is extracted from the salt in the water. Water: The chemical symbol is H2O.There is many uses of water‚ for example‚ this can be used for drinking or washing clothes. Water covalent bonding is that two hydrogen atoms join up with one oxygen atom.(4) Water can also be formed in a 3d lattice which is made up upon positive and negative ions which the H –water forces separate the +and – negative ions. However‚ heat makes the H2O particle
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Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI CLASS XII Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
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The molecular structure of water is bent triatomic. A bent triatomic structure occurs when the two unshared pairs of electrons in water repel each other as well as the two O-H bonds‚ which also repel each other to assume a bent triatomic shape. Water occurs in three of the four states of matter‚ liquid‚ solid‚ and gas. The molecules in solid water are attracted insubstantially to each other. The molecules are organized in a crystalline structure. The energy of ice molecules is not very abundant.
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