INTRODUCTION Levels of organization (cell to biosphere) and characteristics of life Levels: Cells->tissue ->organs & organ systems->organisms->populations->communities->ecosystems-> biosphere Characteristics of life: Cell and Organization: Each cell can only do the job it is tasked with. Example: brain cells Energy Use and Metabolism: Energy is needed many organisms. Energy is utilized in chemical reactions Response to Environmental Changes: responds to stimuli Regulation and Homeostasis: ex:
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The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms‚ such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa; others‚ such as nerve‚ liver‚ and muscle cells‚ are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest bacteria-like mycoplasmas‚ which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter‚ to the egg yolks of ostriches‚ which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may differ widely in appearance and function‚ all cells
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In normal cells‚ the structure of the neuron is stabilized when the protein tau binds to microtubules. These neurofibrillary tangles are presumably formed through the hyperphosphorylation of tau. The key component of these mentally deteriorative plaques are neurofibrillary tangles in the cell bodies and cell projections as well as A-beta amyloid
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patrolled by cilia or by flagella‚ both are made out of nine pairs of microtubules. Next in the tour the cell membrane which goes around the city and monitors what will enter and leave the cell. The function that allows for this to happen is called selective permeability. The cytoplasm which has inside of that the cytoskeleton made up of protein strands to back up the cell‚ kind of like a body guard. Centrosomes put the microtubules together and look like churros. The cytoplasm acts a hold up for
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Introduction Zoonotic intestinal parasites are prevalent around the world. One of the most common and studied is transmitted by the microscopic protozoan‚ Giardia intestinalis‚ also known as G. lamblia and G. duodenalis (Ivanov‚ 2010). This eukaryotic parasite is responsible for the transmission of the most common waterborne disease‚ giardiasis‚ which causes watery diarrhea‚ vomiting‚ and has even been linked to irritable bowl syndrome (Ankarklev et. al. 2010). Since its discovery in 1681‚ Giardia
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The Case Against Mercury Amalgam The August issue of “Nature” a high end science journal printed an article with the following information. RNA polymerase chain elongation is stopped by mercury chloride. RNA polymerase contain a sulfahydral active center which is inhibited by mercury. This means that copies of RNA will not be created and this will limit the amount of certain proteins and enzymes available during critical times in development and growth. http://www.youtube.com/watch
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The Different Roles of Macromolecules in Biology.There are four types of macromolecules that I am going to describe: Proteins‚ carbohydrates‚ lipids and nucleic acid. I will also describe the functions and why they are important in our bodies. Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are joined head-to-tail in a long chain that is then folded into a three-dimensional structure unique to each type of protein. The covalent linkage between two adjacent amino acids in a protein (or polypeptide)
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stage‚ which is prophase I‚ homologous chromosomes join together and cross over forming tetrads they condense. B. In metaphase I‚ homologous chromosomes are moved to the metaphase plate‚ by microtubules. Independent assortment also occurs. C. In anaphase I‚ homologous chromosomes are separated by microtubules‚ while sister chromatids stay together. D. During telophase I‚ chromosomes are decondensed‚ travel to opposite poles‚ and cell membranes are closed off by cytokinesis‚ creating two daughter
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the organelles in place. Cytoskeleton controls the movement of the cell’s organelles. The cytoskeleton has three parts to it the microfilaments‚ intermediate filaments‚ and microtubules. The microfilaments are the smallest part and are helically shaped. Intermediate filaments twist around each other forming a cord. The microtubules are stronger proteins that are hollow and long
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Human Cell‚ protein production‚ cell organelles and the cell membrane. Structure and cell transport. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms (See figure 1). It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing (except virus‚ which consists only from DNA/RNA covered by protein and lipids)‚ and is often called the building block of life. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including most bacteria) or
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