Section 9.1 – Sensory Reception 3 Section 9.2 – Nervous Control 4 Section 9.3 – Control of heart rate 5 Section 9.4 – Role of receptors 6 Section 10.1 – Coordination 8 Section 10.2 – Neurons 10 Section 10.3 – The nerve impulse 11 Section 10.5 – The speed of a nerve impulse 12 Section 10.6/10.7 – Structure and function of the synapse / Transmission across a synapse 13 Section 11.1 – Structure of skeletal muscle 15 Section 11.2 - contraction of skeletal muscle 17 Section 12.1 – Principle
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sensitive to the stimulus. According to Kagan‚ a stimulus is any form of energy capable of exciting the nervous system like light waves‚ sound waves and the chemical energy that causes the sensation of taste and smell. The receptor is a specialized nerve ending capable of responding to energy. The mechanism that converts stimulus energy into neural energy are called the senses. There are five primary senses: * Vision * Hearing * Smell * Taste * Skin senses In addition we have:
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The nervous system consists of the brain‚ spinal cord‚ and a complex network of neurons. This system is responsible for sending‚ receiving‚ and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. This system can be divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Let ’s take a look at the central nervous system. Central Nervous System The
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called sensory organs. 5. Changes or object that can detect by our senses are called stimuli. 6. The ability of the sensory organs to detect stimuli is called senses. 7. All the sensory organs are complete with sensory receptors‚ that is the nerve endings that can detect stimuli. Stimuli Sense Sensory organ Light(Brightness‚ colour) Sight Eye Sound Hearing Ear Touch‚ heat‚ cold‚ pain‚ pressure Touch Skin Sweet‚ sour‚ bitter‚ salty Taste Tongue Smell or odors Smell Nose The World
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of the tongue. In case of salty taste the sodium ions leads to opening of ion channels and the signal is sent as an electrical impulse to the brain. In case of sweet‚ bitter an umami 7TM receptors are involved‚ when a “tastent “ binds to these receptors they produce cAMP‚ which in turn open channel proteins which allow ions to pass through and the neuron send the impulse to the brain which detects it. Sight: Sense of sight or vision is the ability to see‚ this is done through the photoreceptor
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a brain‚ those functions are not possible. The brain is the center of the entire body. It controls what we do and how we do it. The brain is the center of the central nervous system along with the spleen. It consists of 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) which are located all over your body. When you touch something hot‚ a neurotransmitter sends the signal to your brain to tell you to move your hand. The most common neurotransmitters in the body are endorphins‚ epinephrine‚ norepinephrine
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substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate‚ protect‚ and speed up the neural impulse is the myelin. 7.The bundles of axons in the body that TRAVEL together through the body are known as the nerves.. 8.The charged particles located inside and outside of the neuron are called ions. 9.The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse is known as the resting potential. 10.All-or-none refers to the fact that a neuron either fires COMPLETELY or does not
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organs‚ and coordinating the activity of muscle. The nervous system of vertebrate animals is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system(PNS). The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord‚ whereas the PNS consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system‚ such as to serve
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH (EEG) Hans Berger in 1929 was the first person to measure the electroencephalogram measured in humans. Electrical impulses generated by nerve firings in the brain can be measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. The EEG gives a view of neural activity and is used to non-invasively study the physiology of the human brain.EEG activity is a small signal‚ measured in micro volts with the main frequencies of interest up to approximately 30 Hertz (Hz) [1‚2].
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nervous system is comprised of all nerves and nerve pathways that are outside the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathy can develop gradually or suddenly‚ and symptoms vary in severity among individuals. Peripheral Neuropathy can be broadly categorized by the 1) type of nerve that has been damaged‚ 2) location of nerve damage in the body or 3) disease process that causes it. In some cases‚ the cause cannot be identified. Types: There are three main types of peripheral nerves:
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