purity. For ortho-nitrophenol we had 60% recovery and for para 160% recovery. Our melting point ranges were ortho: 45-46°C and para 64-95°C. Introduction: Nitration: In phenols‚ -OH group strongly activates the ring system. As a result‚ phenols are susceptible to oxidation in the presence of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Thus‚ nitration of phenols is carried out with dilute nitric acid and results in the formation of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The o-nitrophenol is steam volatile and the
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Table 16.1. Aspartame 100 Saccharin 550 Sucrolose 600 Alitame 2000 Table Table 16.1: Artificial Sweeteners Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial sweetener. It is roughly 100 times as sweet as cane sugar. It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and soft drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperature. Alitame is high potency sweetener‚ although it is more stable than aspartame
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alcohol‚ is a volatile‚ clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor; miscible with water. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. Formula: C4H9OH Boiling point: 118 ºC Melting point: -89 ºC Tert-Butyl Alcohol Tert-Butyl Alcohol or “2-methyl-2-propanol” is the simplest tertiary alcohol. It is one of the four isomers of butanol. Tert-Butanol is a clear liquid (or a colorless solid‚ depending on the ambient temperature) with a camphor-like odor. It is very soluble in water and miscible
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rat poisons Benzene: Used in making dyes‚ synthetic rubber Butane: Gas; used in lighter fluid Carbon monoxide: Poisonous gas Cadmium: Used in batteries Cyanide: Deadly poison DDT: A banned insecticide Ethyl Furoate: Causes liver damage in animals Lead: Poisonous in high doses Formaldehiyde: Used to preserve dead specimens Methoprene: Insecticide Megastigmatrienone: Chemical naturally found in grapefruit juice Maltitol: Sweetener for diabetics Napthalene: Ingredient in mothballs Methyl isocyanate:
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Introduction An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils‚ ethereal oils or aetherolea‚ or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted‚ such as oil of clove. Volatile oils are the odorous and volatile products of various plant and animal species. As they have a tendency to undergo evaporation on being exposed to the air even at an ambient temperature‚ they are invariably termed
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Structural Effects on Stability and Reactivity. Organic Chemstry Laboratory Structural Effects on Stability and Reactivity Introduction The concepts of stability and reactivity are fundamental to understanding chemistry. In this chapter we consider first the thermodynamic definition of chemical stability. We then consider chemical kinetics (Section 3.2) and how it can provide information about reactivity. We also explore how structure influences stability and reactivity. We want to learn how
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S OUTHEAST ASIAN J T ROP MED P UBLIC H EALTH ANTI-HEAD LICE EFFECT OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA SEEDS Junya Intaranongpai 1‚ Warinthorn Chavasiri 2 and Wandee Gritsanapan 1 1 Department of Pharmacognosy‚ Faculty of Pharmacy‚ Mahidol University‚ Bangkok; Department of Chemistry‚ Faculty of Science‚ Chulalongkorn University‚ Bangkok‚ Thailand 2 Abstract. The present study focused on the separation and identification of the active compounds against head lice from the hexane extract of Annona squamosa
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Environmental Chemistry It often matters how much given atoms combine‚ in what arrangement‚ with what others‚ what impulse they receive‚ and what impart. The same ones make up earth‚ sky‚ sea‚ and streams; the same as the sun‚ the animals‚ grains and trees‚ but mingling and moving in every different ways. - Lucretius (95-52 B.C.) in The Nature of Things I. Physical Chemistry Why is Physical Chemistry important in the study of Environmental Engineering? • Applied physical chemistry procedures
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a straight chain‚ a branched chain or a cyclic structure. ▪ A hydrocarbon branch that is attached to the main structure of the molecule is called an alkyl group. ▪ When methane is attached to the main chain of a molecules it is called a methyl group‚ -CH3 • Prefix of naming hydrocarbons are: o Meth – 1 carbon o Eth – 2 carbon o But – 3 carbon o Pent – 4 carbon o Prop – 5 carbon o Hex – 6 carbon
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Everything you need to know about hydrocarbons INTRODUCTION: organic chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. The element carbon has a special role in chemistry because it bonds with other carbon atoms to give a vast array of molecules. The varity of molecules is so great that we find organic compounds in many common products we use‚ such as gasoline‚ medicines‚ shampoos‚ plastic bottles‚ and perfumes. The food we eat is composed of different
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