(a) Outline 2 attempts to define abnormality (6 marks) Statistical infrequency is an approach that attempts to define abnormality. It suggests that most human personality and behavioural traits fall within a normal distribution with most people crowding around the middle of the distribution (the norm). Any characteristic that is statistically rare according to this distribution is considered abnormal. A further attempt at defining abnormality is the deviation from ideal mental health approach.
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Outline and Evaluate the Main Psychological Explanations of Forgetting in both the Short and Long Term Memory Psychologists study memory because it is important to understand how a person remembers‚ how they forget‚ and whether memory is reliable source of past information; this research is particularly important in the case of eyewitness testimonies. Memory is the process whereby a person holds on to information they have experienced. Psychologists categorise memory into 3 processes; encoding
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Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachment (12 marks) Bowlby was an evolutionary Psychologist who believed that attachment is a part of evolutionary behaviour and focus on an animal’s instinctive and innate capabilities‚ and the functions of their behaviour. They believe this is useful for learning about human instinctive and biological behaviour. Attachment behaviour keeps a young animal or human safe. It is behaviour seen in all species of animal. Many species of animal form rapid attachments
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Outline and evaluate one or more social explanations of aggression. Aggression has been defined as ‘any form of behavior directed towards the goal of hurting or injuring another human being or animal that is motivated to avoid such treatment’ (Baron). Various types of aggression have been identified; person-orientated aggression‚ which is when the main goal is to harm another person and instrumental aggression‚ when aggression is used in order to achieve a desired goal. An important
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Outline some of the theories which seek to explain an area of development in the child. Drawing upon observations that you have made in schools‚ discuss the significance and evaluate these theories for the teacher in planning effective learning situations. Justify your answer with specific examples from your own experience and your reading. Theories surrounding language development within infants and young children and how these theories differ in their ideas. Language is a systematic means
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Outline and evaluate one theory of attachment (12 marks) Bowlby’s theory is an evolutionary theory because‚ in his view attachment is a behavioural system that has evolved because of its survival value and‚ ultimately‚ its reproductive value. According to Bowlby‚ children have an innate drive to become attached to a caregiver because attachment has long-term benefits. Both attachment and imprinting ensure that a young animal stays close to a caregiver who will feed and protect the young animal.
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Outline and evaluate the evolutionary theory of attachment Bowlby came up with this theory and believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. His theory states that we are born with an inherited need to form an attachment in order to help us survive. This involved Darwins theory of natural selection as any behaviour that helps you survive will be kept in the gene pool. In terms of humans‚ babies are helpless and rely completely on the primary caregiver which is normally the mother. Interestingly
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Outline and assess Marxist explanations of crime and deviance. In looking at the Marxist explanation of crime and deviance one must also look to the non-sociologist explanations and those of other different groups in order to come to an informed view of the subject. The non-sociologist definition of crime and deviance would be that deviance is uncommon behaviour‚ something that offends the morals or the majority of society‚ without being harmful or serious enough to be criminal. Whereas
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Outline and evaluate the learning theory of attachment The learning theory‚ firstly proposed by Dolland Miller (1950) argues that attachment is a form of nurture and so is learnt. Behaviourists came up with the idea that it is learnt either through classical or operant conditioning. The learning theory was introduced by behaviourists who base most of their explanation on the effects of nurturing. They proposed that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn and In terms of attachment‚ through
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Outline and Evaluate Psychological Explanations for one eating disorder The psychodynamic approach suggests unconscious conflicts from childhood may be the reason for an eating disorder. As adolescent girls are most likely to have the disorder‚ it suggests that anorexia might be due to fear of increasing sexual desires and starvation is a way to avoid becoming pregnant because one of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa is the absence of a menstrual cycle. Another psychodynamic explanation suggests anorexia
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