Importance of sleep Sleep is essential for a person’s health and wellbeing‚ according to the National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Yet millions of people do not get enough sleep and many suffer from lack of sleep. For example‚ surveys conducted by the NSF (1999-2004) reveal that at least 40 million Americans suffer from over 70 different sleep disorders and 60 percent of adults report having sleep problems a few nights a week or more. Most of those with these problems go undiagnosed and untreated. In
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Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic model of abnormality. (12 Marks) The psychodynamic model (which is based on Freud’s theories) states that abnormalities are results of a conflict which has gone wrong in the “psyche” (in the mind). Freud’s idea states that the psyche - which is made up of the (id‚ ego and superego)‚ should all work in perfect harmony with each other to avoid being an abnormal person. It is the idea that conscious thoughts and feelings are determined by the unconscious mind
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INTRODUCTION Student Council is a representative body composed of students chosen by their classmates to organize social and extra-curricular activities. Student Leadership development is the process of involving students in meaningful ways both in and out the classroom. It is the time of the students to show their talents‚ skills‚ and interests while developing a new skills. Student council can be good leaders because they can influence the students to be a goo followers. And the
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Outline and evaluate the cognitive model of abnormality (12 marks) The cognitive model of abnormality suggests that the individual is the cause of the mental disorder because they are in control of their own thoughts. The cognitive model states that if our perceptions are wrong‚ then our emotions and behaviour may become distorted. According to Beck‚ there is a cycle which is thought to lead to depression. The components of the triangle are: negative thoughts about themselves‚ negative expectations
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Restorative justice can only be effective if those who participate feel comfortable with the process. Often‚ crime related trauma requires a grace period before victims feel “comfortable” with opening lines of communication. Furthermore‚ it appears as though victims respond more positively to the process when information is presented to them rather than having to see it out themselves. In regard to protective and proactive approaches to restorative justices‚ researchers found that victims of serious
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An abundance of non-traditional justice programs have been implemented throughout the United States‚ Canada‚ Europe‚ New Zealand‚ Africa and Australia. Many are considered restorative in nature; however‚ these programs may not fully conform to restorative principles. The scope of this paper will be on those programs that have adopted the aforementioned principles. That is to say‚ the empirical results that are discussed in this section are from programs that attempt to restore the relationship between
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Outline and evaluate the influence of childhood experiences on adult relationships Adult relationships are not just influenced by biological or inherited factors. Upbringing‚ socialisation and childhood also play an important part in later adult relationships. Attachment is the emotional tie between two people that is shown in their behaviours. Attachment theory‚ put forward by Bowlby‚ argues that childhood relationships are prototypes for ones adult relationships. There is some evidence for this
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Outline and evaluate the formation of romantic relationships (24) There are many theories for the formation of relationships‚ including reward/need satisfaction theories and the filter model. The reward/need satisfaction theory as proposed by Bryne and Clore‚ states that we form friendships and relationships to receive rewards/reinforcement from the others. Relationships provide rewards that satisfy our social needs. Rewards include things like approval‚ sex‚ status‚ love‚ money‚ respect‚ agreement
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Multi-store model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. It describes the structural features of the memory system‚ and various control processes used by individuals to manipulate the information flowing through the system. It uses the theory that memory is characterized as a flow of information. The system is divided into a set of stages and information passes through each stage in a fixed sequence. There is capacity and duration limitations at each stage and the transfer of information
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Outline and evaluate two social psychological explanations There are two social psychological approaches to aggression. These are social learning theory (SLT) and deindividuation theory (DT). Both these theories stress that aggression is a learnt process‚ they believe that aggression is due to our nurture and not in our nature. They dispute the biological approach to aggression. Social learning theory was proposed by Alburt Bandura. He used the word modeling to explain how humans can quickly learn
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