Phospholipids are formed from 3 components :- (1) 2 fatty acids tails – these are hydrophobic; (2) a negatively-charged hydrophilic phosphate group; and (3) a glycerol backbone. The bilayer structure is favourable energetically because the hydrophobic fatty acid tails cluster together to exclude water‚ where the hydrophilic head groups (consisting of the phosphate group and glycerol backbone) are on the two surfaces of the membrane‚ which allows them to have contact with the surrounding water.
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1. Introduction People still die from diabetic ketoacidosis. Poor patient education is probably the most important determinant of the incidence of the catastrophe that constitutes "DKA". In several series‚ only about a fifth of patients with DKA are first-time presenters with recently acquired Type I diabetes mellitus. The remainder are recognised diabetics who are either noncompliant with insulin therapy‚ or have serious underlying illess that precipitates DKA. Most such
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amino acids‚ lipids‚ and nucleic acids. Glucose is also a main contributor to generating adenosine triphosphate through glycolysis‚ providing energy for chemical and everyday functions. The negative of glucose is‚ in high concentration‚ insulin pathways are blocked‚ causing diabetes. In order to calculate glucose levels for monitoring‚ a unique functional group must be observed. That being carbohydrate’s aldehyde group. The aldehyde group helps in metabolic functions and provides a reducing
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Girdling experiments involving the removal of a ring of cortex including phloem cells below leaves prevent the flow of food materials towards roots which accumulate at the upper rim o the rig and shows swelling. Radioactive tracers like 14CO2 sucrose phosphates supplied to lead are found to be translocated through sieve tube elements. While mealy bugs pierce their stylets into sieve tubes and suck the sap‚ the white bugs have specialized in feeding on the sieve tube sap. Thus various studies reveal that
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out by a process called Dehydration synthesis. Write the equation for this process: ________ADP__________ ATP (+ H2O) 4. List the three processes used to synthesize additional ATP when ATP supplies are low: 1. 1.Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate 2.Glycolysis 3.The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 5. An immediate source of energy is _____ creatine phosphate________________ (CP)‚ but the supplies are limited and rapidly depleted. One molecule of CP produces __one_ ATP. 6. Glucose
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION/LITERATURE REVIEW THE ERYTHROCYTES A cell that contains haemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body. Also called a red blood cell (RBC). The reddish colour is due to haemoglobin. Erythrocytes are biconcave in shape which increases the cells surface area and facilitates the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This shape is maintained by a cytoskeleton composed of several proteins. Erythrocytes
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formation Step 1 - Glucose is phosphorylated. Two phosphate groups are added to glucose to form hexose biphosphate. These two phosphate groups are provided by two molecules of ATP. Step 2 - Lysis of hexose biphosphate. Hexose biphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate. Step 3 - Each triose phosphate molecules is oxidised. Two atoms of hydrogen are removed from each molecule. The energy released by the oxidation is used to add another phosphate group to each molecule. This will result in
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are able to penetrate soil pores not accessible to the root hairs which are about five times larger than the hyphae (Kirkby and Mengel‚ 2001). For example‚ studies have shown that the heavily mycorrhizal root of cassava enables it to grow well in phosphate-deficient soils where other crops fail (Wild‚ 1993). Also‚ a long-term study at the National Abaca Research Center at VSU (Armecin and Geneston-Asio‚ 2004) has provided the first clear evidence that abaca plant (Musa textilis) is mycorrhizal although
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Experiment 2: Starch Hydrolysis by Amylase Theoretical Background Polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides‚ and make up some of the most important naturally occurring compounds [1]. They have thousands of monosaccharide units linked to each other by oxygen bridges. They include starch‚ glycogen‚ and cellulose‚ all three of which yield only glucose when completely hydrolyzed [2]. A B Figure 1. Starch (amylose) (A) and cellulose (B) Starch
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in the surrounding area. Thus CSPs have the ability to control the expression of certain proteins. CSPs work by an induction through the ComCDE pathway once a certain density is reached in the biofilm. The cascade begins with the interaction of the CSP with its histadine kinase receptor‚ ComD. The kinase receptor responds by transferring a phosphate group to ComE‚ the cognate response regulator. ComE phosphorylase the correct protein. After phosphorylation‚ the response regulator activates transcription
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