Biology Exam Review Unit One – Biochemistry What is an isotope? Isotope - An isotope is all atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons‚ but they may have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. - This means that all atoms with the same atomic number can have different atomic masses. - Because they have the same number of protons and electrons‚ they behave exactly the same in chemical reactions. Radioisotope - The nuclei of some isotopes of an element are unstable
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involves four biochemical systems Anaerobic glycolysis fermentation Aerobic Krebs cycle electron transport system respiration pathways are different between prokaryotes General Formula for Respiration 1 glucose 6 oxygen 6 carbon dioxide 6 water energy Glycolysis (lysis breakdown) sugar is broken down First stage in all respiration pathways Takes place in cytoplasm Input glucose Products 2 pyruvic acids 2 ATPs 2 H atoms (NADH2) No oxygen required (anaerobic) Pyruvic acid
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Summary of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides‚ Disaccharides‚ Polysaccharides Carbohydrates are molecules that are synthesized from carbon‚ oxygen‚ and hydrogen atoms. Some types of carbohydrates consist of a single unit consisting of a few atoms‚ while other carbohydrates consists of thousands of units linked together through chemical bonds. Glucose‚ maltose‚ and glycogen are three carbohydrates that are similar‚ but structurally different. Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula CH2O. Starch
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DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL COMPARTMENTATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS AND THE DIFFERING FUNCTIONS OF THESE COMPARTMENTS All mammalian cells are eukaryotic‚ and whilst the eukaryotic type of cell is not exclusive to mammals‚ mammalian cells differ from other eukaryotic cells because of the organelles that are or are not present. For instance some plant cells have chloroplasts which are not present in mammalian cells‚ but both plant cells and mammalian cells are eukaryotic in nature. The term eukaryotic refers
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urinary system is responsible for completing their own job while working together to keep the body healthy. The kidneys “prevent the buildup of wastes and extra fluid in the body‚ keep levels of electrolytes stable‚ such as sodium‚ potassium‚ and phosphate‚ make hormones that help regulate blood pressure‚ make red blood cells‚ and keep bones strong (“Your Kidneys and How They Work” 3).” The ureters are thin muscular tubes that are 8-10 inches long that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder. The
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Introduction The transition from rest to exercise is associated with a huge upsurge in energy expenditure‚ due primarily to skeletal muscle contractions (Connett & Sahlin‚ 1996). Contractions require energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). ATP stores in muscle are around 8mmol/l and are exhausted within 2s of exercise (Connett & Sahlin‚ 1996). To continue exercise and maintain ATP homeostasis‚ ATP production must increase rapidly. The adaptations that occur are tailored to suit
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Gene Expression. Totipotent Cells are undifferentiated cells‚ such as embryonic stem cells‚ that are not yet defined in their function. In animals‚ stem cells are totipotent. Plants have far more types of totipotent cells (Think of how you can make cuttings of plants‚ and grow an entirely new plant‚ given the right conditions?) Cells loose totipotency‚ as‚ with age‚ different genes are swtiched on/off. When certain genes are switched of‚ they are not translated to produce polypeptides‚ meaning
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UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY A REPORT ON RESPIRATION IN INVERTEBRATES COMPILED & PRESENTED BY DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012/2013 SESSION COURSE: FSB201 (CELL BIOLOGY) COURSE LECTURER: DR. NOUTCHA DATE : 7TH MARCH‚ 2013 INTRODUCTION Respiration is one of the characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS. In the simplest terms‚ "respiration" simply means "breathing"
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growth |coenzymes | |Calcium (Ca) |Co-factor in some enzymes |Formation of bones and teeth |Important in formation of cell wall | |Phosphorus (P) |Phosphate group in ATP |Component of RNA and DNA |Component of phospholipids. | | | | |Co-factor in protein synthesis
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indeed contain genetic information and was capable of transferring it. The full DNA sequence of an organism is called its genome. Basically‚ DNA is a double-stranded molecule having repeating units or building blocks‚ made up of a pentose sugar (deoxyribose)‚ a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The entire unit is known as a nucleotide. Hence DNA can be said to be made up of two strands of nucleotides. There are four different bases (adenine‚ thymine‚ cytosine and guanine) and hence four different
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