non-living environment The plasma membrane can regulate the traffic of chemical into and out of the cell. Plasma membrane and others composed of mostly lipids and proteins. Lipids belong to special category phospholipids: two tails (water fearing) + phosphate
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that slow down changes in pH by combining with or releasing H ions normal pH range in blood is 7.35-7.45 functional group: the stuff that hangs off carbon chain O=C carbonyl OH hydroxyl SH sulfhydryl NH2 amino O=C-OH carboxyl OH-O-P-OH-O phosphate condenstation reactions: covalent bond‚ builds a larger molecules from smaller ones‚ output is H2O hydrolysis reactions: ionic or covalent bond‚ splits larger molecules into smaller ones‚ breaks down water carbohydrates are made up of covalent
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photo-phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes‚ including active transport‚ respiration‚ and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups‚ and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is used is many organisms and also in different ways. Below are a few ways in which ATP is used. When muscles contract in any organism‚ it means muscle fibers are generating
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CHAPTER 7 LECTURE SLIDES Respiration • Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: • Autotrophs – Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis • Heterotrophs – Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms • All organisms use cellular respiration to extract energy from organic molecules Cellular respiration • Digestion – enzymes breaking down large macromolecules into smaller ones. • Cellular respiration is a series of reactions
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Metabolism Life is Work! Living Cells- we all require transfusion of energy from the outside For us- it comes from food Plant Friends- sun (light) Most ecosystems- flows in as sunlight & out as heat Panda- obtains energy from eating plants Catabolic Pathways Yield energy by oxidizing food Exergonic reaction- gives up energy Ex. Cellular Respiration Most efficient Take in food‚ break it down‚ yields energy Yield energy by transferring electrons Redox Reaction Oxidation More positive than it was at the
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bisphosphate‚ instead of carbon dioxide as in the process of photosynthesis. It is the alternate pathway used by the enzyme. This enzyme being both a carboxylase and an oxygenase does not have the capability to differentiate between the carbon dioxide molecule or the oxygen molecule as a result of which it can assist in both the reaction of photorespiration and photosynthesis‚ even though they are the opposite pathways. In general RubisCO favours carbon dioxide to oxygen‚ and approximately 3 carboxylations
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dimethylallyl pyrophosphate) are the two components of the biosynthesis pathway of terpene. IPP is formed from acetyl-CoA via the intermediacy of mevalonic acid in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. An alternative‚ totally unrelated biosynthesis pathway of IPP is known in some bacterial groups and the plastids of plants‚ the so-called MEP(2-Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate)-pathway‚ which is initiated from C5-sugars. In both pathways‚ IPP is isomerized to DMAPP by the enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
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Gabriela Rios-Martinez March 1‚ 2014 BIO 141 Exam 1 Study Questions Chapter 1: Biology and the Tree of Life (#1 – 4) 1. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific Theory? Between a hypothesis and a prediction? What kinds of hypotheses are useful for scientific investigations that try to explain the natural world‚ and which are not? Give one or more examples of hypotheses that are and are not scientifically useful. (a.) A scientific theory has two components; a pattern
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down 11. From one glucose molecule‚ 2 ATP and 2 NADH is produced during glycolysis 12. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway responsible for the principle source of ATP in anaerobic microorganisms 13. Under anaerobic conditions Fermentation is the metabolic pathway that regenerates the supplu of NAD+ for glycolysis 14. For a bond to be “high energy” such as between phosphate groups in ATP‚ The hydrolysis of such a bond is particularly energetically favorable 15. Sugars‚ fats and amino acids
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Biochemistry Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism & Carbohydrate Metabolism‚ Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Your Name Here WGU Abstract Many diseases and disorders are caused by defects in the molecular level of cells and not just having to do with nutrition or other extrinsic factors ‚in this report ‚we will specifically look at enzymes and their key role in energy production and the cycles and series of activities that make it possible for the human to function properly .
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