Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis BIO STUDY GUIDE (Ch. 9.1-9.5‚ 10.1-10.3) I) CELLULAR RESPIRATION A) Catabolic Pathways A.1) Fermentation: partial degradation of sugar that occurs w/o oxygen A.2) Cellular Respiration: oxygen is used A.3) Redox Reactions (Oxidation-Reduction that exchanges electrons) Oxidation: loss of electrons (energy must be added) Reduction: addition of electrons. (-) charged electrons added to atom reduce amount of (+) charge of that atom A.4) Stepwise Energy Harvest
Free Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Adenosine triphosphate
Structure • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides • Chromosomes (DNA strand + associated proteins ie. Histones wrap DNA around like a spool = condensed chromatin) ↓ genes (sections of a chromosome that codes for a protein) ↓ nucleotides (3 parts: phosphate‚ deoxyribose sugar‚ and nitrogen base) • • • Double helix shape - Held together by weak hydrogen bonds Found only in NUCLEUS 4 different bases N- bases: adenine – thymine can only bond together cytosine – guanine Nucleotide bases have
Free DNA
non-living environment The plasma membrane can regulate the traffic of chemical into and out of the cell. Plasma membrane and others composed of mostly lipids and proteins. Lipids belong to special category phospholipids: two tails (water fearing) + phosphate
Premium Adenosine triphosphate Cell Protein
that slow down changes in pH by combining with or releasing H ions normal pH range in blood is 7.35-7.45 functional group: the stuff that hangs off carbon chain O=C carbonyl OH hydroxyl SH sulfhydryl NH2 amino O=C-OH carboxyl OH-O-P-OH-O phosphate condenstation reactions: covalent bond‚ builds a larger molecules from smaller ones‚ output is H2O hydrolysis reactions: ionic or covalent bond‚ splits larger molecules into smaller ones‚ breaks down water carbohydrates are made up of covalent
Premium Atom Protein Covalent bond
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY – defined as the study of biochemical processes associated with health & dse & the measurement of constituents in body fluids or tissues to facilitate dx of dse - dual nature since it’s both a basic and applied science thus clin chem. technologists & technicians should have an understanding of the physiologic & biochemical processes occurring in the body‚ as well as technical skills to perform the various tests - chemistry in connection with the management
Premium Concentration Blood Chemistry
photo-phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes‚ including active transport‚ respiration‚ and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups‚ and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is used is many organisms and also in different ways. Below are a few ways in which ATP is used. When muscles contract in any organism‚ it means muscle fibers are generating
Premium Adenosine triphosphate
CHAPTER 7 LECTURE SLIDES Respiration • Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: • Autotrophs – Able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis • Heterotrophs – Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms • All organisms use cellular respiration to extract energy from organic molecules Cellular respiration • Digestion – enzymes breaking down large macromolecules into smaller ones. • Cellular respiration is a series of reactions
Free Cellular respiration Adenosine triphosphate
Metabolism Life is Work! Living Cells- we all require transfusion of energy from the outside For us- it comes from food Plant Friends- sun (light) Most ecosystems- flows in as sunlight & out as heat Panda- obtains energy from eating plants Catabolic Pathways Yield energy by oxidizing food Exergonic reaction- gives up energy Ex. Cellular Respiration Most efficient Take in food‚ break it down‚ yields energy Yield energy by transferring electrons Redox Reaction Oxidation More positive than it was at the
Free Cellular respiration Adenosine triphosphate
bisphosphate‚ instead of carbon dioxide as in the process of photosynthesis. It is the alternate pathway used by the enzyme. This enzyme being both a carboxylase and an oxygenase does not have the capability to differentiate between the carbon dioxide molecule or the oxygen molecule as a result of which it can assist in both the reaction of photorespiration and photosynthesis‚ even though they are the opposite pathways. In general RubisCO favours carbon dioxide to oxygen‚ and approximately 3 carboxylations
Free Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide
dimethylallyl pyrophosphate) are the two components of the biosynthesis pathway of terpene. IPP is formed from acetyl-CoA via the intermediacy of mevalonic acid in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. An alternative‚ totally unrelated biosynthesis pathway of IPP is known in some bacterial groups and the plastids of plants‚ the so-called MEP(2-Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate)-pathway‚ which is initiated from C5-sugars. In both pathways‚ IPP is isomerized to DMAPP by the enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
Premium