G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface proteins that relay extracellular signals to the nucleus. These signals can be in the form of light‚ peptides‚ lipids‚ and sugars. Once activated by a ligand at the outer cell surface‚ GPCRs activate their cognate G-proteins that reside on the inner cell membrane. The activated G-proteins then slide along the inside of the cell membrane to activate a cascade of proteins and enzymes that in turn amplify the original message received by the GPCR
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E N Z Y M E O N O S M C E G L E E E L G L Y C E R O L H Y D R O X
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Biology 12 Introduction to Biochemistry Study Guide Kiki Dhaliwal Period: 7 September. 19/2013 10. Atom: Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of that element. 11. See page 12. a) Ionic bonds are chemical bonds in which ions are attracted to each other by opposite charges. b) Covalent bonds are chemical bonds in which atoms share one pair of electrons. c) Hydrogen bonds are weak that aries between a slightly positive
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respiration‚______________‚ occurs with or without oxygen present. 13. When oxygen is limiting‚ during heavy exercise‚ muscle cells revert to ________________ fermentation for energy production. 14. A molecule that stores energy by linking charged phosphate groups near each other is called A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH D. cyclic AMP E. pyruvate 15. An electron carrier that is used in harvesting energy from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm is
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requirements are maintained by the many biochemical events happening within the body. This essay explores the metabolic processes that occur at the start of the race‚ 5 minutes into the race and 45 minutes into the race in terms of mobilization‚ biochemical pathways used for degradation of molecules and comparing the yield of ATP of the two types of fuels involved‚ namely carbohydrates and lipids. Carbohydrates‚ which have the empirical formula (CH2O)n‚ acts as the predominant source of metabolic energy in muscle
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enzyme in the pathway. (Wolfe‚ 2000) Importance of Aldolase B Enzyme -Glucose and fructose are the components that make up sugar (sucrose). -In order to make ATP (energy)‚ glucose and fructose need to go through glycolysis and enter the Krebs cycle. -Fructose needs enzymes to break it down further‚ before it can enter the glycolysis process. -Initially‚ fructose is broken down by the enzyme fructokinase into fructose-1-phosphate. -The substrate fructose-1-phosphate (F-1-P) is then
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Biochemistry by Nelson and Cox‚ 4th or 5th Ed. Learning Objectives Students in BCHM 100a will: explain biological phenomena using chemical concepts; recognize the relation between protein structure and function; describe and predict metabolic pathways; communicate biochemical concepts in writing. Students will demonstrate achievement of these learning objectives through: 5 Problem Sets (25 pts. each‚ lowest score will be dropped) 2 Midterm Exams (100 pts. each) **Midterm exams will be
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Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis BIO STUDY GUIDE (Ch. 9.1-9.5‚ 10.1-10.3) I) CELLULAR RESPIRATION A) Catabolic Pathways A.1) Fermentation: partial degradation of sugar that occurs w/o oxygen A.2) Cellular Respiration: oxygen is used A.3) Redox Reactions (Oxidation-Reduction that exchanges electrons) Oxidation: loss of electrons (energy must be added) Reduction: addition of electrons. (-) charged electrons added to atom reduce amount of (+) charge of that atom A.4) Stepwise Energy Harvest
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Structure • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides • Chromosomes (DNA strand + associated proteins ie. Histones wrap DNA around like a spool = condensed chromatin) ↓ genes (sections of a chromosome that codes for a protein) ↓ nucleotides (3 parts: phosphate‚ deoxyribose sugar‚ and nitrogen base) • • • Double helix shape - Held together by weak hydrogen bonds Found only in NUCLEUS 4 different bases N- bases: adenine – thymine can only bond together cytosine – guanine Nucleotide bases have
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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY – defined as the study of biochemical processes associated with health & dse & the measurement of constituents in body fluids or tissues to facilitate dx of dse - dual nature since it’s both a basic and applied science thus clin chem. technologists & technicians should have an understanding of the physiologic & biochemical processes occurring in the body‚ as well as technical skills to perform the various tests - chemistry in connection with the management
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