Outline notes: 1. Lecture - General signaling principles Geraint Thomas Introduction Failure in cell signaling influences the normal cell homeostasis and finally can results in diseases. (According to OMIM between 250-2500 diseases are related to genetic changes e.g. IBD‚ Huntington‚ etc) Signals induce transitions from state 1 to state 2. Even for staying alive cells need constant signaling. Characteristics of a signal/change: - Perturbation from steady state
Premium Signal transduction Protein
HEMATOPOIESIS The formation and development of the cells of the blood. It is a continuous regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal‚ proliferation‚ differentiation and maturation. It is the process by which immature precursor cells develop into mature blood cells. The currently accepted theory on how this process works is called the monophyletic theory which simply means that a single type of stem cell gives rise to all the mature blood cells in the body
Premium Bone marrow Red blood cell Blood
and stored in glucose molecules. In photosynthesis‚ we see energy associated with electrons or being released from association of electrons. There are two pathways associated with photosynthesis: light and dark reactions. I will concentrate on the non-cyclic light reactions of photosynthesis. Light reactions are driven by light energy. This pathway produces ATP and a reduced electron carrier (NADPH + H ). The overall reaction is solar energy + 6CO + 6H O -> C H O + 6O + heat. Where photosynthesis
Free Photosynthesis Adenosine triphosphate Cellular respiration
The structural features of carbohydrates account for the fact that a wide variety of polysaccharides exist is pentoses and hexoses. The examples of pentose are ribose‚ deoxyribose‚ ribulose and xylulose. The examples of hexose are glucose which is found in fruits‚ fructose which is found in milk and galactose which is found in honey. Both pentoses and hexoses are mostly found in monosaccharides. They are the most simplest sugar which cannot be futher hydrolysed into smaller units. They contain
Premium Carbohydrate Glucose Disaccharide
Abstract The aim of the experiment is to test the existence of macromolecules which are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ nucleic acids and proteins in given samples. The first experiment is to test the existence of carbohydrates in starch suspension and potato cell. If carbohydrate is present in starch suspension‚ the solution will turn into dark blue when iodine solution is added. If carbohydrate is present in potato cell‚ starch granules can be seen clearly under microscope when iodine solution is added
Premium Starch Carbohydrate Chemistry
INTRODUCTION Levels of organization (cell to biosphere) and characteristics of life Levels: Cells->tissue ->organs & organ systems->organisms->populations->communities->ecosystems-> biosphere Characteristics of life: Cell and Organization: Each cell can only do the job it is tasked with. Example: brain cells Energy Use and Metabolism: Energy is needed many organisms. Energy is utilized in chemical reactions Response to Environmental Changes: responds to stimuli Regulation and Homeostasis: ex:
Premium DNA DNA replication
cellulose Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sugars. They all have the basic formula (CH2O)n and can be classified according to how many carbon atoms they contain. 3C = triose sugars e.g. glyceraldehyde C3H5O2 5C = pentose sugars e.g. ribose C5H10O5 6C = hexose sugars e.g. glucose C6H12O6 Formation of disaccharides - typical exam questions Common exam questions include: 1. Name the reaction involved when a disaccharide is formed 2. Name the type of bond formed 3
Premium Glucose Starch Carbohydrate
ATP? ATP is the driving force for catabolic and anabolic reactions. ATP stores energy that is produced from the catabolic reactions which is later released to drive the anabolic reaction and other cellular work. ATP is stored energy in cells (phosphate groups held together by high energy reacting bonds) ATP is required for synthesis and some of the energy is given off as heat What are enzymes and their components? Enzymes are biological catalysts (substances that speed up a chemical reaction
Premium DNA Metabolism Protein
Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscle Tissue‚ Lecture Outline: I. Overview of Muscle Tissues (pp. 276–278; Table 9.1) A. Types of Muscle Tissue (p. 277; Table 9.1) 1. Skeletal muscle is associated with the bony skeleton and consists of large cells that bear striations and are under voluntary control. 2. Cardiac muscle occurs only in the heart and consists of small cells that are striated and under involuntary control. 3. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs and
Premium Muscle Myosin Muscle contraction
PLASTIDS Plastids are large cytoplasmic organelles. Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis‚ and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell’s colour. The term plastid was derived from the Greek word plastikas meaning formed or moulded. This term was coined by Schimper in 1885. In plants
Free Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Adenosine triphosphate