Ethics of Genetic Engineering If you could know that you had a high risk for developing cancer‚ would you? In the last four and a half decades‚ the science of genetic engineering has opened new possibilities and new questions. While the field originated as a study of bacteria‚ it has advanced an incredible amount since 1973 and developed a multitude of branches. Genetic engineering is essentially the concept of cloning or manipulating an organism’s genetic sequence for a specific purpose. This
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INTRODUCTION: Molecular biology began more than 40 years ago with Watson and Crick‘s discovery of the double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and that continued with Cohen and Boyer’s. This discovery of the techniques that called as biotechnology nowadays has had an enormous impact on the nature of research and development. This technique has potential to generate great benefits in improved of human life by through of many applications which play role in improvements of medicine‚ agriculture
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AP Biology Summer Summaries There are many differences between proximate and evolutionary causes and explanations on why we are such easy targets for diseases. The proximate explanations are described by its anatomy‚ physiology‚ and biochemistry. Evolutionary explanations go into detail on what would happen if we didn’t have the genes that cause us to get sick. Proximate causes look for what genes it is made up of and how it works. Evolutionary causes are why natural selection hasn’t eliminated
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Systems Biology Systems biology involves the study of an organism as one single system. Instead of analysing all the individual components that make up a cell‚ the cell is instead viewed as an interacting network of genes‚ proteins and biochemical reactions and these are studied as a whole. In 20th century‚ molecular biology was focused upon. A ‘reductionist’ approach was followed‚ in which the individual components‚ such as the cell nucleus or sugar metabolism‚ were studied in isolation. However
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YOUR NOTES UNIT 2 NOTES DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA Functions • Stores genetic information and copies itself (replication) to pass on the information • Contains genes (instructions to make proteins) • Instructs cell’s activities DNA Structure • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides • Chromosomes (DNA strand + associated proteins ie. Histones wrap DNA around like a spool = condensed chromatin) ↓ genes (sections of a chromosome that codes for a protein) ↓ nucleotides (3 parts:
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The Rise of the Superbugs A Superbug is a bacterium that can live in the human body and has the ability to withstand all forms of antibiotic medication. Superbugs are becoming increasingly significant in modern medicine as they are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotics were discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming (Walsh and McManus‚ 2000). This resulted in a huge movement forward in medical history and even greatened human life expectancy. Since then antibiotics have been
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Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition‚ growth and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration‚ photosynthesis); Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics (plasmids‚ transformation‚ transduction‚ conjugation); Microbial diversity and characteristic features; Viruses. Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Ramachandran map; Weak inter-molecular interactions in biomacromolecules; Chemical and functional
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cytoplasmic membranes‚ ribosomes‚ cytoplasm | Polysaccharides | sugars (carbohydrates) | capsules‚ inclusions (storage)‚ cell walls | Phospholipids | fatty acids | membranes | Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) | nucleotides | DNA: nucleoid (chromosome)‚ plasmids rRNA: ribosomes; mRNA‚ tRNA: cytoplasm | Table 2. Summary of characteristics of typical bacterial cell structures Structure Flagella | Function(s)Swimming movement | Predominant chemical compositionProtein | Pili | Sex pilus | Stabilizes
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other infections in humans. Several virulence factors are thought to contribute to E. faecalis infections. A plasmid-encoded hemolysin‚ called the cytolysin‚ is important for pathogenesis in animal models of infection‚ and the cytolysin in combination with high-level gentamicin resistance is associated with a five-fold increase in risk of death in human bacteremia patients. A plasmid-encoded factor called "aggregation substance" is also important for virulence in animal models of infection.
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AQA Exam-style Questions Cell activity 1. a) - A : nucleus - B : mitochondria - C : ribosomes - D : plasmids b) The nucleus controls all activities within the cell. It also contains genetic materials used to create new cells. c) Plasmids and genetic materials in cytoplasm d) i 75 ii 28 iii 0.15 e) Protein can be used to build up cells as it is a structural component of every cells. It is also an enzyme as well. f) There are no mitochondria in bacterial cells because they are
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