The Problem of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Hospitals. Introduction Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria who can survive after exposure to one or more antibiotics. Some bacteria present today can even be resistant to multiple antibiotics and these are sometimes referred to by the name Multidrug resistant (MDR). Today many clinically important bacteria are MDR’s and this is a direct result of past decades of antimicrobial use and misuse. If an infection results from this sort of resistant
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Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria are called plasmids desmids pili F particles transferrins 23. The Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique used to rapidly increase the number of copies of specific DNA regions is commonly reffered to as PCR uses primers and a
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BIOSENSORS ADVANCED BIOREPORTER TECHNOLOGIES FOR TARGETED SENSING OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS Steven Ripp and Gary S. Sayler Introduction Bioreporters refer to intact‚ living microbial cells that have been genetically engineered to produce a measurable signal in response to a specific chemical or physical agent in their environment (Figure 1). Bioreporters contain two essential genetic elements‚ a promoter gene and a reporter gene. The promoter gene is turned on (transcribed) when the
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Streptococcus mutans is considered to be constituent of the "normal" flora of the human mouth‚ which is related with dental caries also regarded as tooth decay. Dental caries is a transmissible and infectious dental disease that affects people of all ages. Streptococcus mutans can be transferred from one person to the another through vertical or horizontal transmission. The transmission path of Streptococcus mutans is to settle itself among human hosts. S. mutans prefers hard non-shedding surfaces
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discovered‚ they functioned as a panacea‚ saving people from injuries and infections and allowed them to live longer lives. However‚ the seventy years of freely using antibiotics has caused bacteria to develop resistance via natural selection and special plasmid transfer‚ and now the deaths caused by infections are on the rise again. McKenna recommends that to combat this crisis which can lead to ten million deaths per year according to the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance‚ people should avoid buying products
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Antimicrobials Anti-bacterials * Need a drug selectively toxic to bacterial cells but won’t harm human cells * Many drugs that achieve this still have side effects as every drug is a poison Bacterial Infections * Immunocompromised especially vulnerable * Opportunistic infection – Infection caused by pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy immune system. A compromised immune system however presents ‘opportunity’ for pathogen to infect * Prophylaxis
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then estimating their fragment sizes. The size and number of fragments help to determine information about the structures of the original DNA pieces from which they were cut. To determine the size of an unknown DNA fragment that was inserted into a plasmid‚ gel electrophoresis is used. This technique is used in crime scene investigations. Gel electrophoresis separate charged molecules‚ including nucleic and amino acids‚ by how fast they migrate through the gel under an electrical current. When an electrical
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1. Describe the mechanism by which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is able to emit fluorescent light and why ultraviolet light is required to visualise it. (5 marks) When GFP is hit with UV light‚ the chromophore is hit by a photon. This changes the chromophore from ground state (A) to A*‚ which is a highly excitable state. Due to such a highly excitable state not being able to remain so for very long‚ the A* state chromophore emits a proton‚ lowering its state to I*‚ the energetic I. This I* state
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Phytochemical march allowed qualitative determining of the main groups of chemical constituents present in Licania arborea leaves. Abundant amount of amino acids‚ phenolic compounds‚ triterpenoids and tannins‚ moderated presence of flavonoids and leucoantocianidines‚ and the absence of nafto- and antroquinones‚ cardiotonics and alkaloids was observed. The high content of phenolic compounds happens to be interesting as there is a high probability polar extract from the leaves of this plant have antioxidant
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Chapter 27. BACTERIA & ARCHEA Overview: Prokaryotes thrive almost everywhere‚ including places too acidic‚ salty‚ cold‚ or hot for most other organisms Masters of Adaptation Most prokaryotes are microscopic‚ but what they lack in size they make up for in numbers There are more in a handful of fertile soil than the number of people who have ever lived They have an astonishing genetic diversity Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: bacteria and archaea Structural‚ functional‚ and genetic
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