Chemistry Notes: Metals: • A metal consists of a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of mobile delocalised valence electrons. • Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the delocalised electrons and the positive ions in the metallic lattice. Properties of metals: Property Explanation Relatively high density The particles are very close together. This is because of high electrostatic forces between the sea of valence electrons and the positively charged nucleus.
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multiple ions (i.e. Fe2+‚ Fe3+) due to proximity of 4s and 3d shells. 4.1.5 The ionic or covalent nature of the bonding in a binary compound is a result in the difference between their electronegativity. NaCl(s) is ionic‚ HCl(g) is (polar) covalent (note: covalent molecules tend to be gases/liquids‚ ionic tends to be solid‚ although network covalent would be solid). In general‚ if the difference between electronegativities is greater than 1.7‚ the bond will be more than 50% ionic. 4.1.6 Take
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8.4 Water 8.4.1 Water is distributed on Earth as a solid‚ liquid and gas y y y Define the terms solute‚ solvent and solution Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solute a substance that is dissolved in another substance or the component of a solution present in a lower amount. Solvent a substance which can dissolve another substance or the component of a solution present in a greater amount. Identify the importance of water as a solvent Water is essential as a reactant
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IGCSE Complete Chemistry Notes Unit 1: States of matter Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances‚ when mixed‚ particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It’s also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle
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ONE-SCHOOL.NET Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry Rate or Reaction Calculation Rate of Reaction (Average Rate) Rates of reaction = Quantity change of reactants/products Total time for the reaction If the quantity change is immeasurable Rates of reaction = 1 Total time for the reaction Find the Rate From a Graph Average Rate Rates At an Instant The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph The rate of reaction at an instant‚ t‚ is equal to the of quantity against
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C7 Further Chemistry OCR 21st Century: 2011 specification Made by Nabilah Chowdhury Copyrighted References: OCR 21st Century Further Sciences Book‚ CGP: OCR 21st century + various internet sources Topic 1: Green Industry Brief Intro 14/06/13 Natural resources are converted into useful products. Bulk chemicals produced on a large scale b/c there is a larger demand for them. Fine chemical are produced on a smaller scale. They’re used as feedstock’s
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together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. Oxygen = O2‚ Nitrogen is H2‚ Chlorine is Cl2. A compound is a pure substance of two or more elements chemically combined together in a set ratio. Example: Water = H20 this means there are always 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen in every molecule of water. [pic] A Mixture is made of two or more substances mixed together‚ but NOT chemically joined. Mixtures can easily be separated by methods such as filtering‚ dissolving‚ evaporation and distillation
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4.02 chemistry notes Law of Conservation of Mass One of the most important principles of chemistry is the law of conservation of mass. This law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical reaction. In other words‚ all of the atoms that were present at the beginning of a reaction are present at the end of the reaction—they have just been rearranged to bond differently and form new substances. It is important that chemical equations represent this law by always
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I) INTRODUCTION * Industrial Chemistry deals with the preparation of products from raw materials through the agency of chemical change * Chemistry is important to Industry by: * Regulating manufacturing processes * Quality Control * Research and Development * Sources of raw materials from the natural environment 1) Lithosphere –Earth’s Crust 2) Hydrosphere – Marine and Oceanic Environment 3) Atmosphere – Air 4) Plants – Biosphere * Classification of Natural
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PRELIMINARY PHYSICS Syllabus Notes 2007 Andrew Harvey 1st Edition PRELIMINARY PHYSICS Syllabus Notes 2007 Andrew Harvey 1 st Edition Copyright © Andrew Harvey 2007 Preliminary Physics Past Paper Solutions by Andrew Harvey is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License. Based on a work at andrew.harvey4.googlepages.com. First Edition published November 2007. 2006 Edition first released June 2006‚ updated July 2007.
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