electron-withdrawing. 2.) Sources of error if actual and theoretical doesn’t agree. Contaminated chemical reagents Inappropriate proportions Uncontrolled environmental factors such as light and temperature. Human errors 3.) Reactivity towards chlorination (least reactive to most reactive) a. Toluene‚ Nitrobenzene‚ Anisole‚ Methylbenzoate -Nitrobenzene‚ Methylbenzoate‚ Toluene‚ Anisole b. Benzene‚ acetophenone‚ bromobenzene‚ benzyl alchohol - Acetophenone‚ Bromobenzene‚ Benzene‚ Benzyl alcohol c
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The carbon tetrachloride mechanism begins with the trichloromethyl radical (•CCl3) by the action of the mixed function of cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. This free radical‚ which is initially formed as unreactive‚ reacts very rapidly with oxygen to yield a highly reactive trichloromethyl peroxy radical (•OOCCl3). Both radicals are capable of binding to proteins‚ lipids or abstracting a hydrogen atom an unsaturated lipid‚ thus initiating lipid
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Chemistry F332 Notes Ions in solids and solutions: Structure of an ionic lattice (Sodium Chloride): * Consists of sodium ions (Na+) surrounded by six chloride ions (Cl-) * Chloride ions also surrounded by six sodium ions. * Held together by attraction of oppositely charged ions. * Giant ionic lattice. * Electrostatic bonds hold lattices together. * Structure is simple cubic. * Some ionic crystals contain water. * Known as water of crystallisation. * These crystals
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Surname Centre Number Candidate Signature Other Names Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use General Certificate of Secondary Education June 2007 SCIENCE B Unit Chemistry C1 CHEMISTRY Unit Chemistry C1 Higher Tier Thursday 21 June 2007 1.30 pm to 2.15 pm CHY1H H For Examiner’s Use Question Mark Question Mark For this paper you must have: a ruler. You may use a calculator. Time allowed: 45 minutes Instructions Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of
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Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules that determine whether the molecule is a solid‚ liquid‚ or gas under standard conditions. In our lab‚ we measured the maximum and minimum temperature reached and time it took to reach it of alcohols and alkanes. In addition‚ we measured the vapor pressure of the liquid at different temperatures. Through Experiment 9‚ we concluded that molecules with hydrogen bonds or long chains in the structural formula have stronger intermolecular forces‚ and that as temperature
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Carbon is denoted by the symbol C‚ is part of group 14 on the periodic table‚ and is the fourth most abundant element in the universe (by mass). Carbon has an electron configuration of 1s2‚ 2s2‚ 2p2. With 4 valance shell electrons it is expected to form 4 bonds‚ this means carbon is tetravalent. However the s orbitals do not form the same type of bond (with other atoms) as the p orbitals‚ this is because their shapes are different. For example CH4 would have the following bonds: C(s)-H(s)‚ C(s)-H(s)
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Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas putida A Project done under the guidance of Dr. K. Bharathi Department of Biotechnology. Submitted to the faculty Of Department of Biotechnology National Institute Of Technology‚ Warangal (A.P) Submitted By Febin P. Nalpady‚ Anzal Rahman‚ Shruti Sharma‚ Sindhuja Nandiraju‚ Giraboina
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ONE-SCHOOL.NET Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry Rate or Reaction Calculation Rate of Reaction (Average Rate) Rates of reaction = Quantity change of reactants/products Total time for the reaction If the quantity change is immeasurable Rates of reaction = 1 Total time for the reaction Find the Rate From a Graph Average Rate Rates At an Instant The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph The rate of reaction at an instant‚ t‚ is equal to the of quantity against
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the refining of petroleum Catalytic cracking is the process whereby high molecular weight fractions are broken down to low molecular weight ones. This process is used in petroleum refineries where crude oil is broken down to smaller alkenes and alkanes‚ until ethene‚ propene‚ (or both) are formed. Catalytic Cracking allows greater output of high-demand products. Identify that ethylene‚ because of the high reactivity of its double bond‚ is readily transformed into many useful products Ethylene
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AST20211 Environment and Health UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Definition of Environment‚ Health and Disease Environmental Problems Food Borne Diseases Intervention and Control AST20211 Environment and Health What is environment…? • The sum total of our surroundings‚ including all the living and nonliving things with which we interact. • Living things • Animals‚ plants‚ forests‚ fungi‚ etc. • Nonliving things • Continents‚ oceans‚ clouds‚ soil‚ rocks •
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