conditioning Results from presentation of conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus. Definition of Stimulus- Unconditioned stimulus Stimulus which reliably elicits a reflex-like response. E.g.‚ puff of air- eye blink‚ Pain- withdrawal‚ loud noise- startled response‚ food powder- salivation. Unconditioned Response Reflex-like response elicited by unconditioned stimulus Eye blink Withdrawal Startle Salivation Conditioned stimulus An originally neutral stimulus (does not elicit the UR)
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view the front of the eye. Pupillary light reflex is tested which involves shining a bright light into the eye and observing reflexive pupil constriction in the eye. The consensual pupillary reflex is observed in the eye that is not stimulated‚ but both the direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes depend on the function of a reflex arc. The reflex arc involves cells in the retina that travel through the optic chiasm and tract. Though the light reflex does not necessarily mean normal visual function
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paired with another stimulus that originally elicits that response. This can also refer to a predictable sequence of events in which one responds to a first event in anticipation of the next. In classical conditioning‚ the subject learns to make a reflex response to a stimulus that is different from the original‚ natural stimulus that would normally produce that response. For classical conditioning to occur‚ several elements must be present: an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the naturally occurring
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The Eye Item 1 refers to the following diagram of a longitudinal section through the human eye 1. At what point is vision not possible? (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV Item 2 refers to the following diagrams (I and II) representing the iris in bright and dim light respectively. 2. What causes the appearance in I and II to be different? (A) In bright and dim light the circular and radial muscles both contract. (B) In bright and dim light both circular and radial muscles relax. (C)
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A patient with a C7 spinal cord injury states he must hve the flu because he has a bad headache and nausea. The initial action of the nurse is to check the patient’s temperature. take the patient’s blood pressure. elevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees. call the physician. The priority nursing intervention for a patient with facial trauma is Administration of IV fluids at a rapid rate. Application of a dressing to control facial bleeding. Clearing the airway of blood and debris
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Pressure e. Reflex center – for coughing‚ sneezing‚ swallowing‚ and vomiting Pons (bridge) is where two respiratory centers are lodge in which works with those in the medulla to regulate breathing. Midbrain runs from the pons to the hypothalamus enclosing the cerebral aqueduct which is the tunnel connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles. The midbrain helps to relay information for vision and hearing. It regulates several reflexes: • Visual reflex • Auditory reflex • Righting reflex Cerebellum
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1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years Aspects of a child and young person’s development include: • Physical Development: Gross motor movements (such as throwing a ball/ picking up a ball. Using the larger muscles such as arms and legs). Fine motor movements (such as tying shoe laces/ sifting through sand. Precise use of our muscles such as hands and fingers). • Social and Emotional: This area of development involves the development of a child’s
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discuss the following questions. Submit your answers on SafeAssign by the due date specified on Blackboard. 1. Summarize reflex circuits and how the nervous system sends signals to organs. Why is the pharmaceutical industry interested in this function? Reflex circuits harmonize single organs activities‚ so you don’t have to consciously plan your heart beat and breathing. Reflex circuits are made up of neural circuits‚ which are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. The neurons transmit
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degenerative disc disease‚ osteoarthritis‚ spinal stenosis‚ facet arthritis‚ and vertebral fracture‚ etc. often result in a compromised spinal cord or nerve roots. This will be evaluated based on evidence of pain‚ motor loss‚ muscle weakness and atrophy‚ and reflex or sensory loss‚ caused by nerve root compression. Radiological imaging may also be employed to help determine cause of symptoms. In some cases‚ biopsy or surgery may be
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pupils are equal‚ round and reactive to light. Small subconjunctival hemorrhage noted in right sclera. Nose: Nose is small and narrow with patent nares and intact septum. Mouth: Kips are symmetric‚ hard and soft palate is intact‚ very strong sucking reflex‚ free moving tongue and mucous membranes are pink and moist. Ears: Symmetrical‚ soft and pliable. Quick recoil when folded and released. Ears are in alignment with outer canthi of eyes. Neck: Neck moves freely in all directions. Creases are noted
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