ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system helps regulate and maintain various body functions by synthesizing (making) and releasing hormones‚ chemical messengers. The endocrine system is composed of glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream for chemical signaling of target cells. Endocrine glands do not have a duct system and are called ductless glands. These glands release hormones directly into the blood or lymph. These glands include the pituitary gland‚ the pineal gland
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Why? Think henry’s law and solubility Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as____ bicarbonate ions The C cells of the thyroid gland produce______ Calcitonin Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone_____ calcitonin Steroid
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Chapter 6 Study Guide Fluids‚ Electrolytes‚ and Acid-Base balance Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids 2/3 of the body’s water is contained in the ICF‚ the remaining 1/3 is in the ECF ICF fluid volume is regulated by proteins and other non-diffusible organic compounds in cells Interstitial fluids (IF) act as a transport vehicle for gasses‚ nutrients‚ wastes‚ and other materials 14%-16% of body weight Reservoir for maintenance of vascular volume; used during hemorrhage
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sympathetic nerves that causes constriction of smooth muscles. The second part of the primary hemostasis is the platelet plug‚ which has three different parts: adhesion‚ aggregation‚ and secretion. Adhesion is the platelets attaching to the subendothelial collagen. Aggregation is the platelets sticking together. Secretion of thromboxane‚ platelet phospholipids‚ von Willebrands factor‚ and platelet dervided growth factor all help form the platelet plug. Thromboxane causes vasoconstriction and further platelet
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Serum creatinine is an important marker of renal health as it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced by a biological system include creatine‚ phosphocreatine or creatine phosphate‚ and adenosine triphosphate “ATP”. Creatine is formed mainly in the liver from the methylation of glycocyamine by S-adenosyl methionine. It is then carried through blood to the other organs‚ muscle‚ and brain‚ where‚ through phosphorylation
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when stimulation of the nipple produces a neurohormonal reflex that causes the secretion of oxytocin. In turn oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary ducts and the ejection of milk. Regulation: Hypothalamic nuclei are under neurological control. Excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory neurones make contact with the neurosecretory neurones. It increases intracellular calcium leads to oxytocin secretion. Oxytocin binds to its receptors on targets cells (breast tissue and uterus)
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Disorders of the Digestive System Hyperacidity Excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is hyperacidity‚ which is technically known as hyperchlorohydria. It causes heart burn (Severe pain and burning sensation in the epigastric region due to hyperacidity is called heartburn) . Hyperacidity leads to ulcers. causes 1. Medicines like aspirin 2. Drinks like alcohol 1. Beverages like coffee 1. Cigarette smoking and tobacco chewing 1. Foods containing excess
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Cells: Innate Immunity Phagocyte – internalize and destroy antigen Receptors and Ligands Phagocyte Receptor Direct PPRR* Indirect FcγR CR-1 complement receptor CRP binding site (C-reactive Protein) * Primitive Pattern Recognition Receptors Antigen Ligand PAMPS** IgG (Fc) C3b CRP ** Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns Armamentarium o Lysosomal Enzymes Lactoferrin – binds iron Defensins – permeabalize membranes Lysozyme – destroys bacterial wall Myeloperoxidase
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this hormone is unable to change regardless of the environment. However‚ the environment does affect the secretions and the concentration of hormones that are released. Due to the "The Librarian" (n.d.)‚ " principle of feedback mechanism” (Influence Of Heredity And Hormones On Human Behavior) the body is affected by the internal and external changes and this can stimulate hormone secretion. For instance‚ adrenaline will be produced when the body has been subjected to a fearful situation. Adrenaline
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Emphysema is a lung disorder that slowly deteriorates the air sacs known as alveoli in our lungs. Alveoli are tiny sacs located inside our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and blood stream (Study.com). When the Alveoli’s are damaged‚ this causes an individual to become increasingly short of breathe. When the inner walls of the air sacs located inside of our lungs becomes weaken‚ they eventually rupture creating one large air space instead of several small air spaces
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