TOPIC 1- INTRO TO CELL BIOLOGY Cell Theory: 1) all organisms consist of one or more cells 2) the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms (Theodor Schwann) 3) all cells arise only from pre-existing cells (i.e cell= basic unit of reproduction) (Rudolf Virchow) Cells have enormous diversity (function and size)‚ but have unity (similar basic chemistry i.e DNA‚ ATP‚ metabolism‚ etc.) ** units: 1µm= 10-6m‚ 1nm= 10-9 m (typical prokaryote is 1-5µm‚ typical eukaryote is 10-30 µm)
Premium Cell membrane Protein Signal transduction
bigger the stimulus‚ the bigger the corrective mechanism. The stimulus in the thermoregulation negative feedback system is the change in temperature. When there is an increase in the stimulus i.e. an increase in the cyclists body temperature‚ the receptors (thermo sensitive neuron cells in the skin and brain) detect this increase in body temperature. The peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin detect external temperatures whereas the anterior region of the hypothalamus in the brain detects a change
Premium Metabolism Homeostasis Temperature
Areas with lots of myelin sheath [white matter] d. White matter sends/receives signals e. Areas with lots of cell bodies & unmyelinated sheath called [gray matter] f. Gray matter used for processing [integration] iii. Sensory Neurons (Afferent) carries input towards CNS iv. Motor Neurons (efferent) carries inputs towards effectors v.Interneuron (associations) connects sensory to motor 1. Integrates information XV.Neurophysiology i. Background
Premium Muscle Muscular system Cardiac muscle
We have all experienced some level of physical pain in our life‚ ranging from a simple pinch to bone-breaking‚ tissue-tearing‚ excruciating pain. When we feel that sensation of pain‚ what is actually happening at the chemical level within our body? As children‚ the majority of us believe that pain happens at the epidermis level because we can see an injury or believe we feel it on our skin‚ even though it may be at a deeper level. The older we get the‚ more educated we become and learn that pain
Premium Nervous system Immune system Blood
returning to their original position to close the ion channels. Repeated bending results in alternating transmission of electrical signal which releases neurotransmitters from the cells across the synapse to auditory nerve fibers. The signals are sent through a series of subcortical structures: the cochlear nucleus‚ superior olivary nucleus in the brainstem (signals from both ears meet here)‚ inferior colliculus (mid-brain) and medial geniculate nucleus
Premium Auditory system Ear Nervous system
Bio 93 Review Sheet: 1. Understand all the THEMES presented in the introductory lecture (lec 1). 2. What is an open system? Energy in and out‚ comes in and leaves as heat 3. What are the 4 most important elements in the human body? C‚ O‚ N‚ H 4. Draw the periodic square for Helium. How many valence electrons does it have? How do you figure this out using the periodic table? Two valence e-‚ 23He‚ all the way right full shell only holds two electrons 5. What is an isotope? How are they used
Premium Protein Adenosine triphosphate Cell
Biology 2B03 – Cell Biology November 27‚ 2011 Retinitis Pigmentosa – Rhodopsin Receptor Abstract According to Dryja Ap et. al (1990)‚ A rare disease that causes visual imparity‚ retinitis pigmentosa‚ is due to SNP mutations in the rhodopsin receptor. RP varies from the age of onset to its severity of the disease itself. With most cases having a gradual loss of the RPE cells and degradation of the cones and rods photoreceptor cells‚ nyctalopia and tunnel
Premium Eye Retina DNA
Introduction To Central Nervous System Neuropharmacology SPH 3014 Introduction to CNS • CNS is composed of brain and spinal cord. • Primary function are to coordinate and control the activity of other body systems. • Involved the synaptic processes which release different kind of neurotransmitters – Ach‚ NE‚ Serotonin‚ Dopamine etc – Some mental illnesses & pathological conditions are associated with abnormal changes in the amount or activity of neurotransmitter – Many drugs that
Premium Neuron Nervous system Acetylcholine
information by electrochemical signaling. Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals which relay‚ amplify‚ and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. Chemical messengers must fulfill four criteria to be considered a transmitter. These four steps include the synthesis of a transmitter substance‚ the storage and release of the substance‚ its interaction with a receptor in the membrane‚ and the removal of the transmitter form the synaptic cleft. The nervous system makes use of two types
Premium Neuron Nervous system Action potential
inhibins‚ activin‚ anti-müllerian hormone‚ bone morphogenetic protein‚ decapentaplegic and Vg-1. TGF-beta acts as an antiproliferative factor in normal epithelial cells and at early stages of oncogenesis.[1] Some cells that secrete TGF-β also have receptors for TGF-β. This is known as autocrine signalling. Cancerous cells increase their production of TGF-β‚ which also acts on surrounding cells. TGF-beta is secreted by many cell types‚ including macrophages‚ in a latent form in which it is complexed
Premium Signal transduction Protein Immune system