aka. naphtha - unsaturated cyclic compound - simplest aromatic HC - all C to C bonds are identical; each C has a H atom - substitution reactions occur instead of addition reaction - delocalized pi bonding in benzene imparts stability (aromaticity); responsible for resistance to addition reactions (involve breaking delocalized bonding) Benzene Derivatives- produced when one or more H atoms on benzene is/ are replaced by new group/s such as alkyl groups (methyl‚ ethyl and so on) or halogens. Common groups
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central principles of their discipline‚ scientists react by questioning the data‚ not the principles. Antony argues‚ however‚ that adhering to accepted axioms‚ such as the idea that atoms are the fundamental constituents of all matter‚ enables scientific progress. Without the basic framework‚ or paradigm‚ that views atoms as the basic units of all chemical elements‚ chemistry would never have developed and‚ needless to say‚ advanced. Antony and Kuhn thus make the same argument; scientific
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times ® does the rate of the reaction change when the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1/3rd of its original volume? Will there be any change in the order of the reaction? 14. Give reasons: i) actinoids show variable oxidation states ii) Zr and Hf have almost identical radii 15. What is Lucas reagent? Between primary and tertiary alcohols‚ which one of these will react faster with Lucas reagent? 16. A carboxylic acid is treated with alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4. Name the reaction
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Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 1776‚ Turin‚ Piedmont – 9 July 1856) was an Italian savant. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory‚ including what is known as Avogadro’s law. In tribute to him‚ the number of elementary entities (atoms‚ molecules‚ ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance‚ 6.02214179(30)×1023‚ is known as the Avogadro constant. Avogadro’s Life Amedeo Avagadro was born in 1776 in Turin‚ a city in northwestern Italy. Avogadro spent his entire life within
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very closely to the values that are limited i.e. too high a pressure causing instability in the thermal conditions‚ thus it is in even greater importance that the amount of temperature used is studied in detail since it is a determinant of thermal stability of the parameters of the present structure.
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resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria. 10 Unit The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon‚ aliphatic or aromatic‚ by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene)‚ respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group. Many halogen containing organic compounds occur in nature
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4f and 5f block elements 1. Name the 4f – block elements and give their electronic configuration. Why are Sc‚ Y‚ and La included in the list of lanthanide elements 2. What is lanthanide contraction? How does it affect the chemical behavior of Zr/Hf‚ Hb/Ta‚ Mo/W ? 3. Contrast the electronic spectra of the lanthanide and transition metal ions. Why do the lanthanide ions give rise to very sharp bands in their electronic spectra and why are the magnetic properties of their complexes little affected by
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molecule to be considered organic‚ it must contain rings or chains of carbon (Volesky). A molecule is a chemical species encompassing several or many nonmetal atoms. The atoms bond covalently. In other words‚ the electrons in the valence‚ or outermost‚ shells are shared between the atoms. If a molecule contains a plethora of nonmetal atoms often bonded in complex rings and chains‚ it is deemed a macromolecule. According to Volesky‚ the macromolecules with carbon rings and
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The increase in volume corresponding to increase in temperature and α-β phase transition can be clearly seen by comparing ATOMS 7&8 with ATOMS 9&10. In the β phase‚ the atoms are more spread out. While time-averaged Fe-O distances decrease with increasing temperature due to the increasing disorder at high temperature arising from excited low-energy‚ high-amplitude vibrations‚ instantaneous Fe-O distances
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element one place to the right of X in the Periodic Table is formed C proton an isotope of element X is formed D 3 electron proton the element one place to the right of X in the Periodic Table is formed The symbols of two atoms may be written as shown. 52 23 X
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