HYDROCARBONS 365 UNIT 13 HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are the important sources of energy. After studying this unit‚ you will be able to • • name hydrocarbons according to IUPAC system of nomenclature; recognise and write structures of isomers of alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons; learn about various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons; distinguish between alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of physical and chemical properties; draw and
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Zaitsev’s rule indicates that the preferred product is the more highly substituted‚ and therefore more stable alkene. But the rule is not always obeyed and the anti-Zaitsev (or Hofmann) product can dominate. Alkenes • Nomenclature • Stability • Structure • Reactivity Preparation of Alkenes • Dehydration of alcohols • Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides 1‚2 Elimination Reactions • Overview • E1 mechanism • E2 mechanism • Selectivity • Sample
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time) is composed of tiny indestructible units‚ called atoms. Democritus performed no experiments. 1 .All matter consists of invisible particles called atoms. 2. Atoms are indestructible. 3. Atoms are solid but invisible. 4. Atoms are homogenous. 5. Atoms differ in size‚ shape‚ mass‚ position‚ and arrangement. ->Solids are made of small‚ pointy atoms. ->Liquids are made of large‚ round atoms. ->Oils are made of very fine‚ small atoms that can easily slip past each other. 350 BC Aristotle did
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to the structure of macromolecules because it has a valence of 4. What does this mean? 2. Organize the types of bonds according to the degree to which electrons are shared between two atoms. 3. Which of the following statements best sums up the number of covalent bonds that can be formed by the four most common atoms in living things? 4. Which linking verb phrase would best connect the hydrogen bonds term in the map to one of the other terms? 5. Which of the following statements most accurately describes
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Test of Hypothesis – Large Sample Test Critical Value (Zx) | Level of Significance (x) | | 1% | 5% | Two tailed test | Z = 2.58 | Z = 1.96 | One tailed test | Z = 2.33 | Z = 1.64 | Q. Z= X- μ σ√n = x- μS.EX The mean height of a random sample of 100 students is 64” and standard deviation is 3”. Test the statement that the mean height of population is 67” at 5% level of significance. Solution: We are given n = 100
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metallic‚ hydrogen bonding‚ van der Waals (including London dispersion forces) c. Polarity of bonds‚ electronegativities 2. Molecular models a. Lewis structures TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING Ionic Bonding - two atoms of opposite charge electrically attracted to one another Covalent Bonding - two atoms each sharing electrons within a molecular orbital Metallic Bonding - positive metal ions held together in a lattice with a “sea of electrons” An actual chemical bond is a blend of all three types of bonding
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *1144188971* COMBINED SCIENCE Paper 2 (Core) 0653/21 October/November 2010 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number‚ candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams‚ graphs‚ tables or rough working
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protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number of the element. e. The forces that govern the behavior of subatomic particles are electromagnetic‚ strong‚ weak‚ and gravity. f. The atom is the smallest piece of matter. g. Atoms of different elements have different numbers of proton‚ neutrons and electrons. h. The modern atomic model shows that an atome has a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a region in which there are enough electrons to make the atom neutral and are arranged
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each explosion are the result of several chemical reactions – oxidations and reductions – taking place within the firework as it ascends into the sky. Oxidizers produce the oxygen gas required to burn the mixture of reducing agents and to excite the atoms of the light-emitting compounds. Various oxidizers are used in both the black powder and the stars. The most commonly used oxidizers are nitrates‚ chlorates‚ and perchlorates. The reducing agents‚ sulfur and carbon‚ combine with the oxygen from the
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Chem 30A Ch.1-4: Condensed Chang’s Class Notes Chapter 1 Valence electrons octet rule exceptions P and S can have 10 or 12 valence e- B and Al (Group 3) can have 6 valence e- electronegativity- how much an atom wants e- < 0.5 = nonpolar‚ covalent (i.e. H2) 0.5 - 1.9 = polar covalent direction of polarity (using arrow and delta symbol) overall dipole > 1.9 = ionic formation of ions fish-hook arrow Lewis structure formal charge Functional Groups Molecular Shape VSEPR (Valence Shell
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