Presence of double bond make alkenes very reactive. There are many substances which react with alkenes by opening out the double bond to form two single bonds these are called addition reactions. An alkyl group is an alkane molecule with one hydrogen atom missing it does not exist on its own‚ but is part of another molecule. Alkyl groups are named by deleting the -ane from the
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes. Are alkenes with double bonds. Are alkynes with triple bonds. 1 Structure of Alkenes Alkenes (and alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes have one or more double bonds The two bonds in a double bond are different: - one bond is a sigma () bond; these are cylindrical in shape and are very strong - the other is a pi (π) bond; these involve sideways overlap of
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perform a quantitative analysis of these substances" (Internet 1). 2.2 The electrons of an atom exist in different energy levels. When energy is added to an atom in the form of light/heat/electrical energy‚ the atom becomes excited and electrons begin to ’jump ’ to higher energies (Figure 1). There are two states that an atom can exist - an excited state and a ground (natural) state. The ground state of an atom is when the electrons are in their lowest energy level. The use of a flame photometer "relies
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carbon‚ hydrogen‚ nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon is found in each of the large biomolecules. 2. Outline the difference between an atom and an ion. An atom has the same amount of protons as electrons‚ so it is neutral in charge. It is a single particle of a chemical event. When an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes an ion. Ions are charged‚ while atoms are uncharged. An ion has either a positive or negative charge because there are unequal numbers of electrons and protons. A positive
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Let’s create a thought experiment: Meet Dr. Gary Betley‚ a world renowned researcher of human cloning and among the first astronauts to touch the surface of Mars. He pilots a spacecraft entering the Red Planet’s atmosphere when tragedy strikes. A miniscule conglomerate of orbiting planetary debris collides with the ship at high velocity‚ penetrating its stasis chamber‚ brutally killing all crew members in suspended animation‚ and disabling the majority of the ship’s thrusters. Gary‚ however‚ is relatively
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The fullerene and doped fullerene interacting with glycine derivatives increase the HOMO-LUMO gap leading to enhanced stability against electronic excitations. The electrophilicity index of fullerene with glycine indicating their stability compared to doped fullerene interacting with glycine. NBO Analysis shows that the highest distribution of the positive charge on doped fullerene with glycine. These higher atomic charges of
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OZONE LAYER The Earth ’s ozone layer protects all life from the sun ’s harmful radiation‚ but human activities have damaged this shield. Less protection from ultraviolet light will‚ over time‚ lead to higher skin cancer and cataract rates and crop damage. The ozone layer is one layer of the stratosphere‚ the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet. Ozone is only a trace gas in the atmosphere only about 3 molecules for every
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aromatics. Aliphatic compounds are characterized by a continuous or branched chain arrangement aliphatic compounds are subdivided into two; saturated and unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons are characterized by single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes and cycloalkanes‚ this compounds are relatively inert and do not react with common laboratory reagents. Alkanes do‚ however react with oxygen‚ halogens and other substances under control conditions. All members of
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Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr‚ atomic number 40 and atomic mass of 91.224. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon‚ the most important source of zirconium. It is a lustrous‚ grey-white‚ strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier‚ although minor amounts are used as alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium
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because differences in the structures give rise to different functional groups. ex. CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 ethanol dimethyl ether Stereoisomers are molecules which have the same basic arrangement of atoms in their molecules but differ in the way the atoms are arranged in space. There are three basic types of stereoisomers such as conformational isomers‚ geometric isomers and optical isomers. Molecules that exhibit free rotation about a single bond give rise to conformational
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