Experiment 1: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Objective: The purpose of this lab is to prepare 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol in an acid-catalyzed substitution reaction. While the reaction would be expected to occur as SN2 due to the primary nature of the substrate‚ because H2SO4 is used as a solvent‚ the conditions are very polar and the reaction can proceed via an SN1 reaction. The main objective is to obtain test results to determine the mechanism of the reaction
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE Although Dmitri Mendeleev is often considered the "father" of the periodic table‚ the work of many scientists contributed to its present form. In the Beginning A necessary prerequisite to the construction of the periodic table was the discovery of the individual elements. Although elements such as gold‚ silver‚ tin‚ copper‚ lead and mercury have been known since antiquity‚ the first scientific discovery of an element occurred in 1649 when
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The Laser Before we can learn about the laser we need to know a little bit about light (since that is what a laser is made of). Light from our sun‚ or from an electric bulb‚ is called white light. It is really a mixture of all the different colours of light. The colours range from violet‚ indigo‚ and blue‚ to green‚ yellow‚ orange‚ and red. These make up the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made up of particles‚ called PHOTONS‚ which travel in waves. The difference in
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Effects of Spin Contamination on the Stability and Spin Density of Wavefunction of Graphene: Comparison between First Principle and Density Functional Methods (Kesan Pemumusan Spin Terhadap Kestabilan dan Ketumpatan Spin bagi Fungsi Gelombang Grafen pelumusan: Perbandingan antara Kaedah Prinsip Pertama dan Kaedah Kefungsian Ketumpatan) LEE SIN ANG*‚ SHUKRI SULAIMAN & MOHAMED ISMAIL MOHAMED-IBRAHIM ABSTRACT The effects of spin contamination on the stability and the spin densities of a model
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Crystals form in the depths of the Earth to the extension of the clouds in sky. Some think that crystals elude the sight of people’s eyes everyday in life‚ but they are everywhere including ingredients for food‚ construction materials‚ and even in ice-cold weather. The crystals in this experiment are ammonia-generated crystals that can be created right in a home. The experiment will be testing the different effects and products on crystals in different temperatures and forms of light. Different measurements
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ketones; that is‚ they are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group (-OH)‚ and a carbonyl group (C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom (aldose) or at the second carbon atom (ketose). The carbonyl group combines in aqueous solution with one hydroxyl group to form a cyclic compound (hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal). Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule; trioses have three‚ tetroses four‚ pentoses five‚ hexoses six‚ and heptoses seven. Most contain five or six. The
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When most people hear the term fossil dating‚ two things come to mind‚ one being‚ “Is that what you’re grandparents do?” (Valls‚ biology class) and two‚ “what is that?”. By using either relative or radioactive dating methods‚ most geologists have the ability to tell how old a single fossil is. As always though‚ we are left with the question of which is better? Delve deeper to understand the comparisons and contrasts of Relative and Radiometric dating‚ as well as further information on both topics
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CH 16 - the name of this functional group class is historically derived from the pleasant aromas associated with many of its constituent compounds discovered in past centuries - although not all aromatic compounds known today share the same distinction (many are in fact‚ odorless or even unpleasant)‚ they are the principle components in such pleasant smelling substances as cinnamon‚ licorice‚ wintergreen‚ clove & vanilla CLASSIFICATION – - also known as arenes‚ many aromatic compounds possess
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an atom: The α-particles need to be of the same kinetic energy otherwise slow α-particles would be deflected more than faster α-particles on the same initial path. The container needs to be evacuated as otherwise the α-particles would be stopped by air particles. Observations: Most α-particles passed through A few α-particles deflected – some more than 90° (bounce back) Interpretation: Most of the atom’s mass is concentrated in a small region‚ the nucleus‚ at the centre of the atom. The
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Rutherford experimented with 38 metals‚ he found that the positive charge of each element nucleus increased by one from element to element as they were arranged in mendeleevs periodic table‚ lead to modern definition of atomic number (# of protons in atoms nucleus) and the recognition the atomic number was basis of organization of periodic table. 2. Describe the organization of the modern periodic table. Arranged from left to right in rows (periods) by increasing atomic number and top to bottom in columns
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