chain‚ position and optical isomerism. Heptane has 9 isomer‚ Octane 18 and Decane 75. Nomenclature: 164 Preparation:- Wurtz reaction:- Follow mainly free radical mechanism Useful in preparing an alkane containing even number of carbon atoms Stepping up reaction Frankland reaction From Grignard reagent (RMgX) From unsaturated hydrocarbons:- Sabatier-Senderens reduction 4. From carboxylic acids- Decarboxylation.- Kolbe’s electrolytic method- Physical Properties:- (1) Nature:-
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ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is‚ the more easily it loses a proton‚ H+. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H—A bond and the size of atom A‚ which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base. Sulfonic acids‚ which are organic oxyacids‚ are a class of strong acids. A common example is toluenesulfonic acid (tosylic acid). Unlike sulfuric acid itself‚ sulfonic
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produced is then analyzed using melting point and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Theory The Wittig reaction prepares alkenes from carbonyl compounds by attacking a phosphorus ylide with a nucleophilic carbon atom stabilized by a triphenylphosphonium group. An ylide is a compound that contains two oppositely charged atoms bonded together with complete octets and is generated through phosphonium salts. This experiment is a modified Wittig reaction that uses a Horner-Emmons-Wittig reagent that is more acidic than
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Gr7 Science: Applications of the Atom Can The Demonstrated Vast Destructive Power of Nuclear Bombs Continue To Act As A Deterrent To World War III? In early August 1945 an American B-‐29 bomber‚ along with two other planes‚ dropped Little Boy onto the Japanese City of Hiroshima. Then
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each motion is accompanied by a wave. The strength of the total particle wave at each point corresponds to the probability that the particle may be found there. Applying this principle we can explain all kinds of phenomena‚ from the properties of atoms and radioactivity to light reflection. 2. Electron Double Slit Experiment a. Electrons are fired (possibly one at a time) toward a screen with two slits and each electron that passes through leaves a dot on a film plate. The dots accumulate on
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biological target. Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits‚ medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity‚ selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects)‚ efficacy/potency‚ metabolic stability (to increase the half-life)‚ and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfils all of these requirements has been identified‚ it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may‚ but not necessarily
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of atoms. A lot of property changes during a chemical reaction too. Chemical reactions are also very hard to reverse. One example of chemical change is when sugar is combined with sulfuric acid. We can tell it is a chemical change because heat and bubbles are produced‚ and carbon was separated from the other substances. On the other hand‚ physical reaction only does macroscopic changes to the matter‚ for example‚ altering the shape‚ and painting the matter. There is not rearrangement of atoms in
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BIOLOGY 22 MODULE 1 – Chemical Basis of Life v2.0 * Levels of Organization – biological functions are ultimately based on the properties of atoms and molecules * Subatomic particles – neutrons‚ electrons‚ protons * Atoms * Compounds * Complexes of compounds * Organelles – bodies within cells that perform specific functions * Cell * Specific combination of organelles * Can metabolize and reproduce * Least elaborate living structure * Significance
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Experiment 1: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Objective: The purpose of this lab is to prepare 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol in an acid-catalyzed substitution reaction. While the reaction would be expected to occur as SN2 due to the primary nature of the substrate‚ because H2SO4 is used as a solvent‚ the conditions are very polar and the reaction can proceed via an SN1 reaction. The main objective is to obtain test results to determine the mechanism of the reaction
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE Although Dmitri Mendeleev is often considered the "father" of the periodic table‚ the work of many scientists contributed to its present form. In the Beginning A necessary prerequisite to the construction of the periodic table was the discovery of the individual elements. Although elements such as gold‚ silver‚ tin‚ copper‚ lead and mercury have been known since antiquity‚ the first scientific discovery of an element occurred in 1649 when
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