• Forced chemical exposure in toxicity testing, which can include oral force-feeding, forced inhalation, skin or injection into the abdomen, muscle, etc.
• Exposure to drugs, chemicals or infectious disease at levels that cause illness, pain and distress, or death
• Genetic manipulation, e.g., addition or “knocking out” of one or more genes
• Ear-notching and tail-clipping for identification
• Short periods of physical restraint for observation or
References: Canadian Council of Animal Care http://ccac.ca/en_/publications/audf/stats-aud/tablei/2009 Animal Testing Statistics http://www.statisticbrain.com/animal-testing-statistics/ http://www.peta.org/