Ap Psychology Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4
Personality and Values
CHAPTER
81
4
Personality and Values
LEAR I G OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.
Define personality, describe how it is measured, and explain the factors that determine an individual’s personality.
Identify the key traits in the Big Five personality model.
Demonstrate how the Big Five traits predict behavior at work.
Identify other personality traits relevant to OB.
Define values, demonstrate the importance of values, and contrast terminal and instrumental values.
PERSONALITY
A.
What Is Personality?
•
Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person
unique. …show more content…
publishing as Prentice Hall
84
PART TWO
The Individual
•
2.
3.
Self-esteem o Self-esteem—the degree to which people like or dislike themselves. o (SE) is directly related to expectations for success. o Individuals with high self-esteem will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional jobs than people with low selfesteem. o The most generalizable finding is that low SEs are more susceptible to external influence than are high SEs. Low SEs are dependent on the receipt of positive evaluations from others. o In managerial positions, low SEs will tend to be concerned with pleasing others. o High SEs are more satisfied with their jobs than are low SEs.
Machiavellianism
•
Named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain and use power.
•
An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
•
High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more.
•
High Machs make good employees in jobs that require bargaining skills or that offer substantial rewards for
winning. …show more content…
o
Many of our values were established in our early years from parents, teachers, friends, and others.
B.
Importance of Values
•
Values lay the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and motivation.
•
Values generally influence attitudes and behaviors. We can predict reaction based on understanding values.
•
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
86
PART TWO
C.
The Individual
Types of Values (Value Classifications)
1.
Rokeach Value Survey (Exhibit 4–3)
•
This instrument contains two sets of values; each set has
18 value items. o Terminal Values—refer to desirable end states of existence. The goals that a person would like to achieve during his/her lifetime o Instrumental Values—refer to preferable modes of behavior. Means of achieving the terminal values o Several studies confirm that the RVS values vary among groups. o People in the same occupations or categories tend to hold similar values. o Although there may be overlap among groups, there are some significant differences as well.
(Exhibit 4–3)
Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice
Personality and Values
CHAPTER
81
4
Personality and Values
LEAR I G OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.
Define personality, describe how it is measured, and explain the factors that determine an individual’s personality.
Identify the key traits in the Big Five personality model.
Demonstrate how the Big Five traits predict behavior at work.
Identify other personality traits relevant to OB.
Define values, demonstrate the importance of values, and contrast terminal and instrumental values.
PERSONALITY
A.
What Is Personality?
•
Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person
unique. …show more content…
publishing as Prentice Hall
84
PART TWO
The Individual
•
2.
3.
Self-esteem o Self-esteem—the degree to which people like or dislike themselves. o (SE) is directly related to expectations for success. o Individuals with high self-esteem will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional jobs than people with low selfesteem. o The most generalizable finding is that low SEs are more susceptible to external influence than are high SEs. Low SEs are dependent on the receipt of positive evaluations from others. o In managerial positions, low SEs will tend to be concerned with pleasing others. o High SEs are more satisfied with their jobs than are low SEs.
Machiavellianism
•
Named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain and use power.
•
An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
•
High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more.
•
High Machs make good employees in jobs that require bargaining skills or that offer substantial rewards for
winning. …show more content…
o
Many of our values were established in our early years from parents, teachers, friends, and others.
B.
Importance of Values
•
Values lay the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and motivation.
•
Values generally influence attitudes and behaviors. We can predict reaction based on understanding values.
•
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
86
PART TWO
C.
The Individual
Types of Values (Value Classifications)
1.
Rokeach Value Survey (Exhibit 4–3)
•
This instrument contains two sets of values; each set has
18 value items. o Terminal Values—refer to desirable end states of existence. The goals that a person would like to achieve during his/her lifetime o Instrumental Values—refer to preferable modes of behavior. Means of achieving the terminal values o Several studies confirm that the RVS values vary among groups. o People in the same occupations or categories tend to hold similar values. o Although there may be overlap among groups, there are some significant differences as well.
(Exhibit 4–3)
Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice