business communication

TARABA STATE POLYTECHNIC, JALINGO
CON SULTANCY SERVICES UNIT
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY
DAF 418
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION II
HARUNAANDREW ANCHAU
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES, THEORY AND PROCESS
Introduction: Entomologists trace the origin of the word communication to the Latin prefix “communis” .this word is in the same family of words like ‘communism’ and commune which means in common. When two or more people exchange ideas and they seems to understand each other they have something in common or in short they have communicated.
Communication serves as an instrument of social interaction.it helps us to understand ourselves and to keep in touch with other people to understand them and predict their response to situation. Communication is seen as lubricant that keeps the machinery of the organization functioning. It is the means through which roles are identified and assigned. Simply put it’s the life blood of an organization.
DEFINITION: communication is vesicular term changing its meaning with every author or perspective hence the need to find a working definition that will guide us in our discussions.
Communication as defined by R.Chappelet. al. (1984) is any means by which thought is transferred from one person to another. Communication is the transfer of ideas from a sender to a receiver.
Any means that an individual uses to transfer idea, meaning, emotion, feelings or attitude to others is communication.
Communication is a process of conveying message from one person to another, an organization to another or from one network eg TV Radio, Gsm to the people. In short communication is an act of sending and receiving messages.
Rita and Sheila Udall (1979) defines communication as a process by which one person or group shares and imparts information to another person or group so that both people or group clearly understands one another.
Hudson (1977) defines communication as an “ability to convey in simplest form information or ideas which the recipient can easily understand; and an ability on the side/part of the recipient to reciprocate in such a way we can easily understand him”
Little (1977) viewed communication as the process by which information is passes between individuals and or organization y means of previously agreed symbols. (Here communication is seen as a process of encoding and decoding). Communication in this broad sense involves an encoding process which encompasses ideation and media decisions and its interpretation by the receiver which involves a decoding process.
Chruden and Sherman (1978) focus on the definition of communication within an organization. According to them at all levels in the organization amongst and between executives, managers, staff, personnel supervisors, foreman and employees the communication process is continually in action conveying information ,ideas, attitudes, and feelings amongst individuals and amongst group of individuals.
From all the definition above one could adduce that there is a common thread that linked all of them. We could see that communication in short is:
A process of transmitting information and thought.
Communication is purposeful
Imparting and sharing information a two-way process conveying of ideas attitude and feelings
Symbols and language of communication must be clearly understood by both the sender and the receiver.
Communication process
Communication takes effect in a web of continuous process as it has been observed that 70% an active human beings life on the job is spent in the communication process
A typical communication process is depicted in the diagram below
Feed Back

Transmission of message
Reception, decoding and understanding the message
Receiver

Thought encoding
SENDER

Noise

Communication begins with the sender who has” thought” or idea which is encoded in such way that can be understood by the receiver. The information is transmitted over a channel that links the sender and the receiver. The receiver then receives the message and decodes the message and decodes into thought (understanding of the idea of the message).
Accurate communication occurs only when both the sender and the receiver attached the same or at least similar meanings to the symbols of communication.
STAGES OF COMMUN ICATION
There are six recognizable stages or variables involved in communication. These are:
Originating/formulating idea or the message (ideation)
Arranging the idea into symbols (trans formation of idea into meaning or understandable for communicating)
Transmission of the message
Receiving the message
Interpreting the message by the receiver
Acting on the message/ Feed Back.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
There are five (5) element s of communication .these are the sender, Receiver, Message, Channel and feedback.
SENDER: a sender is the originator of a message. The sender wants someone to understand and act on his/her message. (Message could originate from humans, animals, objects and machines. Though quite often we think that communication is more related to humans. Certain action of our pets could convince us that they are sick or hungry).
RECEIVER: communication cannot occur unless there is somebody who receives the message. The receiver is the target of a message. He is expected to receive, interpret and act on the message. A receiver may be a person animal or object.
MESSAGE: these are the thoughts, ideas, opinions and feelings conveyed from the sender to the receiver. There are three types of messages
Verbal,
Vocal and
Non-verbal.
CHANNEL:messages are transmitted through channels of communication. A channel is anything that is used to carry the message across to the receiver.
FEEDBACK: Feedback is the last stage in the communication process. Here, the receiver having received and decoded the message sent, sends a reply it is important when the expected feedback is gotten it confirms to the sender that his message has been received.
It is important to note that wrong feedback could be sent as a result of distraction hence communication has not taken place though the message has been received feedback can modify and influence the message of the sender.
There are four kinds of feedback:
1. Positive feedback: it’s a kind of feedback that is in line with the expectation of the sender.
2. Negative Feedback here your request is denied
3. Neutral Feedback
4. Mixed feedback
Importance of feedback
1. Feedback helps to reveal the position thought and attitude of the receiver toward a message and the sender.
2. It serves as a source of idea, information clue to the sender
3. It influence and modifies a given message
4. It helps to determine next line of action
5. It marks the end or completion of communication process.
These elements are shown in a diagram below.
RECEIVER oooDecoding understanding
OoooooMEDIUM oooMessage oooSEDER oooMeaning Encoding oooooo oooFeedback
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
SPOKEN/ORAL FORM OF CMMUNICATION
From time immemorial communication has always been in spoken form. This is whereby a person conveys information to another with spoken words and other attendants’ personal expression like gesture, facial expression, smile and vocal expression. The spoken word could be referred to as linguistic mode of communication while the attendants’ personal expression is regarded as paralinguistic mode of communication.In a nutshell one can say that the elements of oral communication are words, action, and sound. Oral communication could be in the form of face to face or telephone exchange.
MERIT OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
Immediate feedback
Clarity of message
It gives opportunity for better personality assessment of interlocutors
There is the use of paralinguistic features to aid communication
It helps to build relationship.
Demerit
Denial: oral communication can be easily denied
Oral communication most of the time is not precise because of its disjointed pattern
It is impossible to use as a result of long distance and face to face is not possible where there is no telephone service
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
With the invention of various letters of alphabet of language and subsequent composition of words, another form of communication. It involves the writing of messages in a prescribed format (paper) and sending it from one person to another. It could be in the form of letter, e-mail, and text telegram, fax, memos etc.
Advantages of written communication
Performance it last for long time people yet unborn can benefit from it books newspapers etc.
It is more accurate in presentation it takes time to think before writing
It helps in record keeping
It is more formal in official communication
It is difficult to repudiate /deny written communication.
Demerit
a. illiteracy on the part of the sender/receiver may make it impossible to communicate.
b. it can be used as evidence against the writer
c. it takes time and energy to write and read a written message.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Intra personal communication
Interpersonal communication
Group communication
Mass communication
Public communication
Intrapersonal: in this involves talking to oneself.ma y people talk to themselves especially when they under pressure or alone in deep thoughts.it serves as a mean s of voicing g out an d relieving tension. It could be consciously/unconsciously.
Interpersonal: this involves one person talking to another person, and it ranges from serious to casual conversation.eg friends talking to each other, boss and employee etc.
ELEMENT OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
There are so many approaches by different writers on how members of a group transfer information between each other.
In this course it can be said that that the major element of interpersonal communication is listening, speaking, and non-verbal. These are often been regarded as the primary element s of a person’s interpersonal communication
LISTENING
Listening is not the same thing as hearing. It involves comprehending and retaining what is heard. It is often been referred to as a mental activity that a person goes through whilst he awaits his/her turn to speak.
LISTENING PROCESS
Listening process consist of four elements:
Hearing: this first element of listening process. It is a physiological process. When we hear the auditory nerves are stimulated by sound waves.
Filtering: filtering is the elimination of unwanted stimuli. It allows a listener to focus on stimuli of specific interest. An individual has difficulty concentrating on an oral message when hi/her filtering process is unable to eliminate or minimize distraction (distracting stimuli)
Interpreting: this is when the listeners assigned meaning to the stimuli. This process is assisted through the use of the person’s mental filters. A listener tends not to consider verbal cues as well as non- verbal cues when interpreting oral messages
Recalling: this involves remembering the earlier interpreted information at a later date. The success of this element depends largely on the association relationship period on the stimuli during the interpretation phase.
GUIDE TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Listening as a process can be improved if the receiver takes active role. Below is a check list that can help to improve listening skills
Concentrating on the message and avoid distractions and mind wandering
Keep an open mind. Be ready to ask questions cause the speaker to amplify remarks
Listen attentively for points and area of relevance or personal importance.
Provide a regular feedback
Monitoring and controlling personal non-verbal communication sign.
Ensure that written / tape-recorded notes are made clearly and in sufficient details for future reference and follow-up work.
IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING
Listening enhance good customer relationship. Effective listening is a vital to the development of good customer relationships. This can improve quality, boost productivity and save money for the organization.
SPEAKING/ORAL COMMUNICATION
Oral communication, speaking for that matter is the chief means of conveying messages. All forms of one-on-one speech and group discussions are all forms of communication that is done by words of mouth. Before you start your talk or presentation it is pertinent that you really understood what you want to say, to whom, when, how, where and why. When speaking ask yourself the following question
Who are you speaking to?
What did you want to communicate?
How best to convey your message?
When? (Timing is important)
(Adapted from ATSWA as coated in mindtool.com)
EFFECTIVE SPEAKING CHECLIST
Creating the message: in order to create a well-structured message, the speaker should:
First decide on the context of the oral communication and what outcomes are desired
Establish key points to get across and what running order would best link them together in a beginning, middle an and end.
Advance the salient facts and figures which will support your argument
Decide on what the delivery style of message should be before embarking on it
Constantly monitor feedback you receives from the audience
Know when you have said enough and stop on a positive note (adapted from ATSWA)
IMPORTANT SPEECH FEATURES TO KNOW
Accent: accent of different people may be accepted, but it should be devoid of being foxed by local dialect word
Pronunciation: people will not like to hear speech marred by ugly or resentful habits.
Enunciation/articulation: good vowel sound
Intonation/emphasis avoid ponderous utterance of drab monotones
Projection: erect stand and head position.
Group communication: involves three or more people this may consist of people who belong to a club ,society, union party such group usually have a leader who moderates in discussions. eg conference, seminar, symposia etc.
Public communication: this is when two or more people present a message before an audience eg public speaking.
Mass communication: this involves one or more people communicating to a large audience spread across a long distance. The message is transmitted through electronic signaling system usually; the sender and the receiver are not in contact. Most often it’s one way communication example of mass communication are radio, television, newspapers and magazine.
COMMUNICATION IN THE WORK PLACE
Communication is an integral 0part of an organization .without communication the corporate objectives of a company cannot be achieved both internally and externally. Therefore it is very important to develop a good speaking /writing and listening skills to function effectively in the workplace eg talking with co-workers listening to or giving instructions and asking questions in the work place require good communication skills than others do some of these are:
Sales: most jobs require one to market one thing or another. You need good communication skills to advertise and market goods.
Health and other helping professional: communication is good in carrying out medical examination its important for health professional to have good understanding of the patient (process of diagnosis).
Religious professional: clergy and other co-workers need good communication to deliver sermon and counseling. Communication play important role because messages conveyed must be understood in order to achieve the objectives of evangelism and counseling.
Education: Teachers need adequate class room communication skills in order to make teaching and learning effective.
Politics and Law: These are two professions that communication is the principal tool of practice.
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is one of the tools used to achieve the corporate objective of any organization. It promotes and enhances information flow, which leads to mutual coexistence and understanding among individuals both within and outside and organization.
Communication is the blood stream of an organization. Just like a person cannot survive without blood stream so is organization without effective communication
Communication enables employees to understand their jobs, role and what is expected of them( it promote greater productivity)
Communication helps to boost the morale of employees it provide means by which members of an organization can be motivated to execute plans.
Communication is needed for managerial effectiveness. To achieve managerial effectiveness in all managerial functions, the manager has to be effective communicator. The managerial function especially planning and controlling, are essentially information processing activities. And it takes communication to make these functions or process.
Effective communication brings about reduced frustration and labour turn over.
Effective communication gives subordinates the opportunities to air their views on issues of interest
It helps management to achieve maximum productivity with minimum cost
It enables organizations to avoid costly failures. Communication failure.
It provides a vehicle by one can implement a plan of action coordinated toward a common goal
Setting goals and objective
FEATURES OF GOOD COMMUNICATION simple and brevity (brief) clarity of purpose use good and precise sentence it should not be ambiguous coherence honesty accuracy courtesy positivity timely and committed pre-planning regular and relevant measured PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is one of the tools used to achieve the corporate objectives of any organization. It promotes and enhance information flow which leads to mutual co- existence and understanding both within and outside without an organization
Through communication we are able to:
. Discuss issues that are beneficial to the organization
. Get information that is vital to the success of the organization
. To direct people within and outside the organization
. Need to convince and convert others
. For thinking purposes/reflection for entertainment or enjoyment.
PROBLEMS/BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Barriers are most commonly identified impediments to effective flow of communication in organization. Some these barriers include:
Individual Barriers: individual barriers to communication are most commonly cited impediments to effective communication and of these problems include:
i. Ideation level: poorly thought out message will be poor ii.unclarified assumptions iiiSource credibility iv. Lack of clarity and precision
Differing perception
Semantic difference
Status difference
These problems could be summarized as physical, complex, semantics, psychological geographical and linguistic barriers
ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS
i. Noise ii. Information overload iii. Time pressure
Iv.Breakdown in communication network
Information distortion
EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
The effect of communication breakdown include: Inaction Delayed action, industrial unrest or dispute, quarrels and fight.
COMMUNICATION MEDIA
There are a number of possible approaches to examining media for communicating in general, words, picture action or inactions are the means for communication.
Words: these are the most important symbols of communicating available to the manager and he should be able to manipulate it effectively. Words can be transmitted orally and received by listening or they can written and received by reading
Picture: these are visual aids that a manager employ from time to time and in combination with relevant words to describe what the pictures intend to contribute to understanding there are two types of pictures motion ad still picture.
Action and inaction: Action speaks louder than voice. This is very important in oga (Boss) – subordinate relationship in an organizational setting. Most of the times the action or inaction of the manager given his status on the hierarchy whether he communicate to his subordinate or not. Whether he intend or not is in non-verbal form eg silence, a gesture, a smile, a hand shake and nodding of his head etc.
COMMUNICATION MEDIA
There are many media of communication .those that are simple and self-explanatory include:
Circular
Notices
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Electronic notice board
Facsimile and loud speaker announcement
Meetings
Video
Video conferencing
Satellite line
Audio tapes
Memorandum (memo)
Bulletin
News latter
Staff hand book
Suggestion box
Poster and attitude survey.
COMMUNICATION FLOW IN THE WORK PLACE
Communication as noticed earlier is vital to the survival of any human setting; organizations are such settings that effective communication is an essential supplement for achieving overall organizational goals and objectives. The success or lack of success of any organization depends largely on the management of information and its dissemination. There are two best kwon communication methods in an organization, internal and external.
INTERNAL COMUNICATION
Internal communication as the name implies is the flow of information from one point to another in order to ensure the smooth day to day running of the organization. Information in and organization usually pass through the hierarchy of ranks which helps in routine of information for effective management
External communication. This is the type of communication that goes out of the organization.it is the flow of information from one organization to another or amongst organization eg the flow of information between ministry of finance and ministry for local government affairs.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN ORGANIZATIONs
In most organizations there are two well-known systems of information flow. These are Formal and informal systems.
FORMAL COMMUNICATION
Formal system of communication is the official and most recognized routes of communication in an organization. Through this system, Management information is passed through the hierarchy of established authorities to achieve effective and productive management of organization. Formal communication could be horizontal, vertical or semi-vertical.
Horizontal communication.
Horizontal communication is the exchange of information or messages among colleagues or mates on the same level of authority in an organization eg the exchange of information between coordinator of business or school organization is described as horizontal because they are on the same level of authority. Usually this kind of information is conveyed to intimate each other about progress made such as breakthrough and findings which are important to the running of such organizations.it could be program development that affect staff in different departments. Through information sharing the activities of an organization are better coordinated.it helps in fostering relationship among staff of the same status and rank in an organization. The diagram bellow shows a typical example of vertical flow of communication among officers of equal status in an organization.

Z
Y
T
X
HODHODHODHOD
PERSONNEL STATISTICSFINANCEMONITORING
VERTICAL COMMUNICATION FLOW
This refers to flow of communication from top of the hierarchy of organization to the bottom (sub-ordinates) only. Or from the top to the bottom and from the bottom to the top.
Vertical communication flow could be described as one-way or two ways communication flow.
The diagrams below describe the follow of communication mention above
Chief executive
General Manager
Manager
Supervisors
Clerical officers
(Down ward and upward communication flow)
Chief executive
General Manager
Manager
Supervisors
Clerical officers (Downward flow of communication)
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
This is used to describe information that is circulated in an organization without passing through any established routes or channel the two main courier of informal communication are rumour and the grapevine.
GRAPEVINE
According to Davis and Newstrom, (1985) the grapevine is an informal, person to person network not officially sanctioned by the organization .as the name suggests, the grapevine is entwined throughout the organization with branches going in all directions, thereby short circuiting formal channel. Grapevine is correct but incomplete. Grapevine exists in every organization and can form links between any level and department from the chief executive to the line employee. The diagrams below illustrate the type of grapevine network in an organization.
E

G
E
F

cD
H
I
J
B aC B
A
D

Single strand each tell oneGossip one tells all
C
egbfb jlnmdbaaafkcbebdbabProbability each one randomly tell others cluster someone tell selected others
MEETINGS
The term meeting could be defined as a lawful gathering of a group of people that are bound by common interest to discuss matters that are of importance to the group.
Meetings are governed by codes of conduct as spell out in the article or constitution and standing order of the association. Meetings should be conducted in line with stipulated guidelines so that decision jointly taken at such meetings will have a binding force upon all its members. All formal meetings must have certain requirements to fulfill in order to make all decisions taken to be valid and minutes to serve as a legal referent. Some these requirements include notice of meetings, quorum, time, rules and standing order. etcThere are so many types of meetings paramount among which include:
General meetings, committee meetings, company meetings, departmental meetings
General meeting this is akind of meeting whereby all members of an organization are expected to attend. There are three types of general meetings viz: ordinary general meetings, annual general meetings, extraordinary meetings.
A PROPER MEETING.
Meeting is useful to organization .to have a successful meeting certainthings must be considered.These things are:
Notice of meeting
Agenda of meeting agenda is prepared by the secretary in due consultation with chairman. Agenda take s a pattern like this
Minutes of previous meeting
Matters arising from the minutes
Correspondence and apologies for absence
Reports if any
New subjects to be discussed arranged in order of importance
Any other business AOB
Date of next meeting.
MERIT OF MEETINGS
Generation of ideas
Better decision
Meeting are educative
Meetings promote bond ofrelationship and unity.
It helps to fulfill legal requirements
It presents armful opportunity for evaluation and appraisal of performance of an organization ad association.
DEMERIT OF MEETINGS
Meetings are time consuming
Meetings are stressful
It could be very expensive to hold meetings
It could lead to delayed action
It could degenerate to quarrels and fight
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE.
Correspondence is used to describe the exchange of letters between people or organizations.
Business letter.
Business letters are usually typed on letter headed paper.
Components business letter.
A business letter is composed of:
Address, salutation, subject matter, content, complement. An alternative components of a business letter is given below as: Attention line, enclosures, copy notation, reference, postscript
QUALITIES OF A BUSINESS LETTER
Business letter have a unique feature some of its features include;
Accuracy
Simplicity
Brevity
Positivity
Courtesy
Clear wordings.
Note it is important to note that when writing a business letter one should avoid colloquialism/use of slangs,avoid grammatical errors, check spelling thoroughly to avoidfalse impression if first person singular pronoun is used the letter should be sign by that person. If we the writer should sign on behalf of his company
TYPS OF BUSINESS LETTER
Letter of introduction
Letter of inquiry
Letter of quotation
Letter of complaints
Letter of appreciation
Letter of employment
Reference letter
Memoranda
Circular
Letter of order etc.
REPORTS AND MEMOS
Little, (1965) defines a report as a document providing an account of something examined. Or of an investigation together with conclusions arrived. .report is an outcome of some activity witnessed.
Darbyshire(1979)defines a report as a document produced as a result of a procedure undertaken to reveal information. A report could be seen as a written document in which a given problem is examine to for the purpose of conveying information, report findings, putting forward ideas and making recommendation.
A report is seen as an inquiry into certain events or phenomenon such as outbreakof Lassa fever, communal unrest, disaster etc.
Report is one important and usefulofficial informant that is widely used by government and non-governmental organizations alike. Report serves as a means of extracting relevant information for organizational development.
Principles of report writing.
A report must have a central theme or controlling idea.
It must be simple an unambiguous
Reported form of speech should be used
Report should be personalized
A report must be concise and factual
Reports are problem solving therefore steps towards solving a problem must be given.
Report must show steps taken to arrive at a given findings whereby it is being investigative.
CLASSIFICATION OFREPORTS.
Report could beclassified baseon content and form
Classification by content
Routine report
Work report
Regular report
Formal report
Informal report
Special report
Classification by form
Schematic report
Memo report
Letter report
Mixed form
Proposal report
PLANNING REPORTS
When writing a report we most set out the content in a logical order
This can be achieved through a plan (Hambagda 1996)
There are many ways of planning a report.in order to plan well the writer must have all the facts he need to decide his comments. To develop a good and effective report plan the writer must bear in mind the following
What is the purpose of the report
Who will readthe report
What situation does the report address
How much information
Which format would be most effective for the report
REPORT STRUCTURE
Every known report whether formal or informal have a structure that serves as a useful guide to the writer. Examples of some report structures are shown below:
STRUCTURE of FORMAL REPORT
A formal report traditionally consist of the following components
Cover
Addresses
Date of writing the repot
Identification of the writer
Letter of authorization
Letter of transmittal/ cover letter
Table of content
List of illustration
Summary (sy6nopsis, abstract)
Introduction
Term of reference
Procedure
Procedure
Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations
Glossary
Appendices
References
(Hambagda (1996)
MEMO
Memo (Memorandum) memo is a short word for memorandum.
A memo is a written communication between the originator and one or more official departments of the same firm (Sheldom 1986 as cited in Hambagda, 1996)
Memo is the most widely used form of written communication in man y organizations an d are used to share information, influence decision and document action.
USES OF MEMO
Memos are used for:
Information dissemination
Documentation of action or idea in organizational situations
Appeals and agreement/clarification
To demonstrate excellent performance
Reference.
MEMO FORMAT
Every organization have memo pattern that is accustomed to it. A standard memo format contain five elements: Title line, the receiver, the sender line, the date and subject line
Standard memo format
Memorandum
To
From
Date
Subject
SPEECH Speech refers to the act of speaking a speech is a talk to an audience gathered in a particular place for a particular reason
Speech can be referred to as an address, orientation
Lecture etc. depending upon the intention for which it is organized. Speech is meant to be spoken but sometimes it comes in a written form.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
The art of speech writing is guided by a number of principles that are meant to improve the quality of written speech. Some of these principles include:
Knowing your target audience: speeches are presented to entice or influence audience or the listener, so in order to present a good speech you have to have a good knowledge of who your listeners’ are. Lowe (2001) noted the following types of audience:
Uninvited audience----------gatecrashers
Audience by compulsion------------- mandated people
Interested audience
Audience composition------------ sex,age,educational status ,
Ethical principles: speech must be guided by ethics that is to say a speech must be honest and should not be made up of false hood, half-truth and dishonesty
TYPES SPEECH
There are so many typesand category of speech. Most speech are categorized on the basis of its contents or what its attempt to achieve.
Classification of speech by nature
Manuscript speech
Memorized speech
Extemporaneous speech
Impromptu speech
Classification of speech base on type expository/informative speech analytical speech persuasive speech technical speech
Other types of speech include:
Introductory speech
Remarks
Impromptu-talks
Tributes
Toast
Valedictory speech
LOGIC
SELECTED REFERENCE
Don Eminike(2003):Communication skills for
Wisdom house publisher Ltd
Omar Hambagda(1996): communication for management Malt house press ltd
Sybil,J;Isaac, O; and Oludayo, S(1990): Introduction to communication for Business and organization spectrum Ltd spectrum house Ibadan.
Kelly,G. A. (1963): a theory of personality Norton and Co KoonztBradley B. E (1978): Fundamentals of speech communication brown co Ltd
Gary, G (2007): How to give a speech cedar and Maitland press LLC Arlington
TARABA STATE POLYTECHNIC
CONSUTANCY SERVICES, UNIT. JALINGO
COURSE TITLE: BUSINESS COMMUN ICATION II
COURSE CODE: DAF 418REG NO--------------
TEST II
What do you understand by the term logic?
Discuss the relevance of logic to business communication
In what ways is logic important to human communication

References: (Hambagda (1996) MEMO SELECTED REFERENCE Don Eminike(2003):Communication skills for Wisdom house publisher Ltd Omar Hambagda(1996): communication for management Malt house press ltd Sybil,J;Isaac, O; and Oludayo, S(1990): Introduction to communication for Business and organization spectrum Ltd spectrum house Ibadan. Kelly,G. A. (1963): a theory of personality Norton and Co KoonztBradley B. E (1978): Fundamentals of speech communication brown co Ltd Gary, G (2007): How to give a speech cedar and Maitland press LLC Arlington